Concept Analysis on Self Perception Essay -- Psychology

This is a concept analysis on self- perception. Self-perception is non-discriminatory in that it crosses all socio-economic, religious and ethnic backgrounds. The effects of self-perception nookie be and usually are life altering. Self-perception can tear at the fabric of the victims self-confidence, self-worth and trust in their perceptions when relating to life events, eventually causing a chasm or warped view of the inner self. The reason for examining self-perception relates to how it affects the healing process and the relationships with those providing care. IntroductionWorking in a healthcare system you encounter people from divers(a) ages and statuses. It has always been concerning to see how self-perception affects a persons wellbeing. Understanding self-perception is to also understand how people change both internally and externally depending on the perception that they have of themselves and how professionals in the healthcare field can help to mend that self-perc eption. The long term effects of self-perception are both psychological and physiological and fun a direct role in the healing process.PurposeThe purpose of this concept analysis is to (1) understand self-perception (2) define and understand the critical attributes within the fabric of nursing, philosophy, society and psychology (3) consider the long term effects of self-perception. To fully understand self-perception we must first understand how it is defined. The following definitions and explanations of the word self-perception come from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th Edition. Self-perception is defined as an awareness of the characteristics that constitute ones self self-knowledge. Self-Perception is ve... ...self running low on self-esteem. (1995, November-December). Psychology Today, 28(6) Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA17537882&v=2.1&u=tel_s_tsla&it=r&p=PPPC&sw=w Modell, Arnold H. (1924) The private self. Copyr ight 1993 by the president and fellows of Harvard College. Library of congress cataloging in publication data. Riding, Richard J. & Rayner, Stephen G. (Eds.). (2001). International Perspective on Individual Differences. Self Perception. Vol. 2 (2) Liberman, Matthew D., Pfeifer, Jennifer H. The self and social perception Three kinds of questions in social cognitive neuroscience. Retrieved from http//www.scn.ucla.edu/pdf/chapter7.pdf Goodwin, Renee & Engstrom, Gunnar. (2002). personality and the perception of health in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 32, pp 325-332 doi 10.1017/S0033291701005104

Effectiveness of the Citroen C4 Robot and Ice Television Advertisements

Citron spend millions on their advertising campaigns, like any other company. The demographic and psychographic for Citron has changed over recent years. They were first designed to appeal to older drivers and now they are appealing to an entirely new and different earreach. Using music, colour and special effects they are trying to attract a younger market. Though both of the advertisements are appealing to slightly different audiences, they both have a fun feel and look about them.The music used in the C4 ? robot? advert plays as soon as the advert starts. It is very funky, upstart, and up-to-date to attract and appeal to younger drivers looking to bargain for their fist, maybe second, car. The music also fits in well with the modern futuristic background of the advertisement and design of the car. Most young people want the latest technology, as we are a technology era, and so I would say that the music reflects about the car quite well. The music is non-digetic, as you ca nnot see the writer (where it is coming from). The director plays this. The ?Robot? dances to the music with 90?s style moves, and the people who would appreciate them are in their 20?s. The dancing also relates to a night club. This again is targeting the generation of younger car drivers. The music that is used in the ?Ice? advert is slightly different to that used in the ?Robot? advert. It is still quite up-beat but not as much as the music used in the ?Robot? advert, as the advert is aimed at a slightly older audience, people maybe with families and more responsibility as the emphasis is on safety. As in the ?Robot? advertisement, the music is again non-digetic. sooner of dancing to the music, the robot skates on ice and the music isn?t the... ...s down at us, the viewing audience, as it finishes ice skating. He looks menacing suggesting that the car is in bind and when you are driving the car you feel powerful and dominate, feline like a jaguar is an aggressive animal . After reviewing the two advertisements, and analysing the effects on the targeted audiences, I think the ?Robot? advert is the most effective in appealing to its target audience, first time car buyers, because all of the devices and techniques used attract the audience very well. The advertisement showed the car to be something that most first time car buyers are looking for, a sleek, nifty, small but spacious, funky and modern and also technological car. The most effective devices used were sound and special effects. This is because the sound catches the attention of the viewers but the special effects make the viewers watch and want the car.

H.R. 6 (110th): Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Essays

IntroductionClimate change has garnered much attention over the past decade. Similarly, the cost of energy has become a growth debate. Ultimately, the Energy Independence and Security run of 2007 was introduced in response to the growing concerns with climate change as well as the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions coupled with increased oil price. These factors brought these issues to the general publics attention and raised questions regarding the United States own energy efficiency and reliance on foreign energy. After the United States declined to ratify the Kyoto protocol, which would have helped to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we fell behind in standards for clean energy and energy independence through clean alternatives (Meade, 2008).The Energy Independence and Security Act was signed into law on December 19th, 2007 by President Bush (United States Environmental justification Agency EPA, 2013). The law was meant to promote energy independence within the Uni ted States, increase U.S. energy security, increase domestic production of clean renewable fuels, cheer consumers, increase energy efficiency and promote research for greenhouse gas capture and storage (EPA, 2010). This bill was a part of the Democratic Partys 100 second Plan, which was a plan enacted by Speaker Nancy Pelosi after the Democratic Party took control of the Congress in the 2006 midterm elections (Pelosi, 2006).The Energy Independence and Security Act was originally called the Clean Energy Act of 2007 and was introduced to the House of Representatives by Nick Rahall from West Virginia (Sissine, 2007). Interestingly, Rahall was one of four democrats to oppose the final bill. When the bill was introduced to the Senate it was part ... ...S level RL33831). Retrieved from website 4/21/2013 http//fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/104292.pdfStrassel, Kimberly Some Inconvenient Truths, The Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2007.The Washington Post. (2006) President Bushs S tate of the Union Address. Politics. Retrieved April 18, 2013 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/01/31/AR2006013101468.htmlUS Department of Energy. Federal Energy Management Program (2010). Accessed April 21, 2013. http//www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sustainabilitycrosswalk.pdfUS Department of Energy. Alternative provides Data Center (2010). Accessed April 21, 2013. http//www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/eisa.US Department of Transportation (2011, April) Summary of Fuel Economy Performance. Accessed May 8, 2013 From http//www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/cafe/2011_Summary_Report.pdf

The Federal Reserve Essay -- Economics

To understand the purpose and role of the national Reserve agreement, we must first know the origin of the underlying bank of the United States. On December 23, 1913 President Woodrow Wilson signed The Federal Reserve Act. The primary purpose of the act was to make sure that a translate of money and credit would be available in the United States to meet banking demands by establishing Federal Reserve Banks which would hold the responsibility of supporting the credit organize during periods of financial strain. Other banks were expected to rely on the Federal Reserve for emergency cash and credit. Government and banking influence would select the management, primarily a lineup of directors chosen by banks. Supervision would be by the Federal Reserve Board. The intent in 1913 was to create eight to twelve centrally located regularise Federal Reserve Banks and national banks would be required to keep a part of their reserve with the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve wo uld live deposits from the government and receive deposits and lend to member banks only. It took almost a year to determine the boundaries of the decided twelve districts and establish the twelve Reserve Banks (one of the four components of the Federal Reserve). Named after the urban center in which they are located, the twelve Banks are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. The Federal Reserve plays a significant role in maintaining the stability and liquidity (the ability to relinquish an asset into cash) of the financial system by working towards low and stable inflation and also strive to encourage growth in output and recitation . A second component, the Federal Reserve Board... ...y 10). Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System http//www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20110110a.htmPress Release. (2012, January 11). Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System http//www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20120110a.htm(1914). The Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In O. Sprague, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 28 No. 2 (pp. 213-254). Oxford University Press.The Budgetary refer and Subsidy Costs of the Federal Reserves Actions During the Financial Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2012, from CBO http//www.cbo.gov/publication/21491Who are the members of the Federal Reserve Board, and how are they selected? (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System http//www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12591.htm

Use of the Nation of Islam in Down at the Cross Essay -- James Baldwin

The Use of the Nation of Islam in polish up at the CrossLike his essay Notes of a Native Son, James Baldwins Down at the Cross offers a three-part essay involving Baldwins personal adolescent experience, a specific event in Baldwins life, and a final psychoanalysis concluding with a warning to the readers. Baldwin describes a general experience passim his life, and his sense of the publics overall experience, to discuss the progression of America throughout history the progression of America is the advancement of the American Negro according to Baldwin The American Negro is the key figure in his country, and the American future is precisely as bright or as dark as his (Baldwin 340). The Nation of Islam and its leader, Elijah Muhammad, play an important role in Baldwins analysis. Baldwins early religious function prepare him for his experience at Muhammads residence, and his combined experiences instigate reflections upon the progress of black and white America since the emancipa tion of blacks during the Civil War.Baldwin begins his essay with a separate of his childhood, growing up black in a nation which considered itself white. Baldwin explains the uphill battle fought by every American Negro, how many were clearly headed for the Avenue (Baldwin 296) of whores, pimps, and racketeers. Baldwin argues that the American Negro was doomed to remain in the same state in which he or she was brought into the world, just as girls were destined to gain as such(prenominal) weight as their mothers, the boys would rise no higher than their fathers (Baldwin 298). Even an education would not rescue one from the mans oppression. The man, of course, is the white man who would never, by the operation of any generous human feel... ...ns of the consequences if America fails the journey God gave Noah the rainbow sign, No more water, the fire next time (Baldwin 347).Works CitedBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1963. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Cultist is Slain Battling Police. New York Times 29 Apr. 1962, sec. 1 72.Dodoo, Jan. Nation of Islam. 29 May 2001. U of Virginia. 17 Mar. 2004 Kihss, Peter. In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States. New York Times 23 Apr. 1961, sec. 7 406.Quarles, Benjamin. Lincolns The Black Muslims in America. Rev. of The Black Muslims in America, by C. Eric Lincoln. Journal of Negro History. Vol. XLVI, No. 3 (1961) 198-199.White, Jack E. An Unlikely Prophet. Time 13 Dec. 1999 103+

Use of the Nation of Islam in Down at the Cross Essay -- James Baldwin

The Use of the Nation of Islam in Down at the CrossLike his essay Notes of a aboriginal Son, James Baldwins Down at the Cross offers a three-part essay involving Baldwins personal adolescent experience, a specific event in Baldwins life, and a final analysis concluding with a warning to the readers. Baldwin describes a general experience throughout his life, and his sense of the publics overall experience, to handle the progression of America throughout history the progression of America is the advancement of the American Negro according to Baldwin The American Negro is the key figure in his country, and the American future is precisely as bright or as dark as his (Baldwin 340). The Nation of Islam and its leader, Elijah Muhammad, play an important role in Baldwins analysis. Baldwins early religious involvement prepare him for his experience at Muhammads residence, and his combined experiences instigate reflections upon the progress of black and white America since the emancipatio n of blacks during the cultivated War.Baldwin begins his essay with a recount of his childhood, growing up black in a nation which considered itself white. Baldwin explains the uphill battle fought by every American Negro, how legion(predicate) were clearly headed for the Avenue (Baldwin 296) of whores, pimps, and racketeers. Baldwin argues that the American Negro was doomed to remain in the same state in which he or she was brought into the world, just as girls were bound(p) to gain as much weight as their mothers, the boys would rise no higher than their fathers (Baldwin 298). Even an education would not rescue one from the mans oppression. The man, of course, is the white man who would never, by the operation of any generous human feel... ...ns of the consequences if America fails the journey God gave Noah the rainbow sign, No more water, the fire next season (Baldwin 347).Works CitedBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1963. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morri son. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Cultist is Slain Battling Police. New York Times 29 Apr. 1962, sec. 1 72.Dodoo, Jan. Nation of Islam. 29 whitethorn 2001. U of Virginia. 17 Mar. 2004 Kihss, Peter. In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States. New York Times 23 Apr. 1961, sec. 7 406.Quarles, Benjamin. Lincolns The dark-skinned Muslims in America. Rev. of The Black Muslims in America, by C. Eric Lincoln. Journal of Negro History. Vol. XLVI, No. 3 (1961) 198-199.White, Jack E. An Unlikely Prophet. Time 13 Dec. 1999 103+

Spatial Database Systems and Management Multidimensional Discrete Data

Spacial database systems offer the underlying database technology for geographic entropy systems and other applications. Several terms have been used to describe database systems offering such support, including pictorial image, nonrepresentational, geographic, and spatial. The terms pictorial database system and image arise from the situation that the data to be managed be often initially captured in the form of digital raster images, remote sensing by satellites, or compuer tomography in aesculapian applications. Spatial database management involves two main categories of data vector and raster data.The former has received a lot of in-depth investigation the latter still lacks a fit frmaework. Current DBMSs either regard raster data as pure byte sequence where the DBMS has no knowledge about the underlying semantics, or they do not complement array structures with storage mechanisms suitable for huge arrays, or they are designed as specialized systems with sophisticated imagi ng functionality, but no habitual database capabilities. We will discuss any(prenominal) of the aspects of spatial data, spatial databae and its management.In various fields, there is a need to manage geometric, geographic, or spatial data. The space of touch on can be, for example, the 2-D abstraction of the earths surface, or the images of human body including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasonography(US), projectional computed radiography (CR) etc. These medical imaging systems have revolutionized the means by which images are acquired, providing views of anatomical cross-sections and physiological state. This revolution in the acquisition of radiological cultivation has not yet brought about a parallel revolution in the intelligent management, visualization, integration, or knowledge extraction from data produced by these digital imaging system.In the discipline of visualization,where the areas of computer graphics, image processing, computer vision, computer-aided design, signal processing, and drug user interface studies converge into one unifying framework for the processing of visual information, several representation of a scene are distinguished. Kromker (1991) proposes a visualization speech model that is particularly suitable for database investigations because classification is done along the data structure on hand. Three of the six layers introduced in this reference model are relevant for DBMSs that deal with visualization structure1. The Symbolic Representation Layer deals with abstract scene descriptions, but without an explicit description of geometry and properties of the entities modeled.2. The Geometry/Feature Layer covers geometric descriptions, appearance properties, and viewing parameters. Vector graphics would be a subset of such data structure.3. On the Digital Pixel Layer, a scene is discretized in both(prenominal) space and color, yielding a raster image. A raster image consists of a finite set of poi nts in the discrete coordinate space Z(d) where for each one point has some value, its color, associated.There is no algorithm that performs reasonably well on any kind of image and under all corcumstances above all, images frequently contain information that cannot be cast into points, lines, and regions bounded by lines, because the bourne cannot be recognized without doubt (e.g., tumors in medical imagery), or because there is no clear boundary (e.g., density distributions such as clouds in weather satellite images). In summary, both vector and raster representation are important for spatial data management, because each of them has pacific strengths and weaknesses moreover, both representations are independent from each other in the sense that there is no lossless transformation between them.

Philippine Education Essay

The clay of education in the Philippines was patterned both from the educational systems of Spain and the United States. However, after the liberation of the Philippines in 1946, the systems have changed radic eithery. The division of Education (or DepEd) administers the whole educational system, which also implicates the allocation of funds utilized for give charge services and equipment (such as books, school chairs, etc.), recruitment of teachers for all public schools in the Philippines, and the supervision and organization of the school curricula.see morek to 12 curriculum advantages and disadvantagesThe former education system of the Philippines is composed of 6 forms of dim-witted education starting at the age of 6 or 7, and 4 categorys of noble school education starting at the age of 12 or 13. In this system, education is not compulsory. However, since June 4, 2012, DepEd started to implement the brisk K-12 educational system,3 which includes the new curricula for a ll schools (see the section).In this system, education is now compulsory. All public and buck cloistered schools in the Philippines must start classes from a date mandated by the Department of Education (usually every first Monday of June for public schools unless), and must end after each school completes the mandated 200-day school calendar of DepEd (usually around the third week of March to the second week of April). The implementation of the K-12 program is phased. The first phase of the implementation result start on SY 2012-2013.During this school year, universal kindergarten will be finally offered, and will now be a part of the compulsory education system and a new curriculum for Grade 1 and Grade 7 students would be introduced. By SY 2016-2017, Grade 11/Year 5 will be introduced, and Grade 12/Year 6 by SY 2017-2018 with the phased implementation of the new curriculum finished by the SY 2017-2018. Students in 2nd year to 4th year high school this SY 2012-2013 atomic numb er 18 not included in the program.It is only applicable to students from Kinder to 1st year high school which is now called Grade 7. However, during the new educational cycle, from 2016 to 2018, college enrollment could slow down because of the entrance of the lower-year students to the new educational system. Primary Education Elementary school, sometimes called primary feather school or dictate school ( Philippine paaralang simplea, sometimes mababang paaralan), is the first part of the educational system, and it includes the first six years of compulsory education (grades 1-6).These grades are further grouped (informally) accordingly into primary level, which includes the first three grades (grades 1-3), and intermediate level, which includes the last three grades (grades 4-6). The elementary school education covers a smaller but wider than the junior and senior high school because of the spiral approach educational technique. In public schools, the core/major subjects that ar e introduced starting grade 1 include mathematics, Philippine, and Makabayan (until grade 3, this subject is similar to social studies, but also incorporate values education and the fundamentals of political intuition).English is only introduced after the 2nd semester of grade 1. Science is only introduced starting grade 3. Heograpiya (geography), kasaysayan (history), and sibika (civics) (abbreviated as HEKASI), is only introduced starting grade 4 (similar also to social studies but focuses more on the subjects earlier stated). Minor subjects consequently include music, arts, physical education, and health (abbreviated as MAPEH).In cliquish schools, subjects in public schools also include those of the public schools, with the additional subjects including computer education and HELE (stands for piazza economics and livelihood education while in Christian schools or in Catholic schools, religious education. International schools also have their own subjects in their own langua ge and culture. From grades 1-3, students will be taught using their mother tongue, meaning the regional languages of the Philippines (also called as dialects) will be used in some subjects (except Filipino and English) as a medium of instruction.It may be incorporated as a separate subject. But from grade 4, Filipino and English as a medium of instruction will then be used. On December 2007, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced that Spanish is to make a return as a mandatory subject in all Filipino schools starting in 2008 but it didnt come into effect. DECS Bilingual Policy is for the medium of instruction to be Filipino for Filipino, Araling Panlipunan, Edukasyong Pangkatawan, Kalusugan at Musika and English for English, Science and Technology, Home Economics and Livelihood Education.Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine constitution mandates that regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. As a result, the language actually used in teaching is often a polyglot of Filipino and English with the regional language as the foundation, or rarely the local language. Filipino is based on Tagalog, so in Tagalog areas (including Manila), Filipino is the foundational language used. Philippine regional languages are used in the provinces in the teaching of Makabayan.International English language schools use English as the foundational language. Chinese schools add two language subjects, such as Min Nan Chinese and Mandarin Chinese and may use English or Chinese as the foundational language. The constitution mandates that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional groundwork. Following on this, a few private schools mainly catering to the elite include Spanish in their curriculum. Arabic is taught in Islamic schools. Until 2004, primary students traditionally sat for the National Elementary movement Test (NEAT) administered by the Dep artment of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS).It was intended as a measure of a schools competence, and not as a forecaster of student aptitude or success in Secondary school. Hence, the scores obtained by students in the NEAT were not used as a basis for their admission into Secondary school. During 2004, when DECS was officially converted into the Department of Education (DepEd), and also, as a result of some reorganization, the NEAT was changed to National Achievement Test (NAT) by the Department of Education (DepEd). Both the public and private elementary schools take this exam to measure a schools competency.As of 2006, only private schools have entrance examinations for Secondary school. The DepEd expects over 13. 1 million elementary students to be enrolled in public elementary schools for school year 20092010. Though elementary schooling is compulsory, latest official figures show 27. 82% of Filipino elementary-aged children either never attend or never complete elementar y schooling, usually ascribable to the absence of any school in their area, education being offered in a language that is outside(prenominal) to them, or financial distress.In July 2009 DepEd acted to overcome the foreign language problem by ordering all elementary schools to move towards mother-tongue based learning initially. The order allows two alternative three-year bridging plans. Depending on the bridging plan adopted, the Filipino and English languages are to be phased in as the language of instruction for other subjects beginning in the third and fourth grades. Secondary education PSHS important Campus. Note the disparity between rural and urban education facilities in the Philippines.Secondary school in the Philippines, more commonly known as high school (Filipino paaralang sekundarya, sometimes mataas na paaralan), consists of four levels largely based on the American schooling system as it was until the advent of the comprehensive high schools in the US in the middle of last century. The Philippine high school system has not moved much from where it was when the Philippines achieved independence from the US in 1946. It dummy up consists of only four levels with each level partially compartmentalized, focusing on a particular theme or content.DepEd specifies a compulsory curriculum for all high schooling, public and private. The first year of high school has five core subjects, Algebra I, Integrated Science, English I, Filipino I, and Philippine History I. Second year has Algebra II, Biology, English II, Filipino II, and Asian History. Third year has Geometry, Trigonometry, Chemistry, Filipino III, and World History and Geography. Fourth year has Calculus, Advanced Algebra, Physics, Filipino IV, Literature, and Economics. Minor subjects may include Health, Music, Arts, Technology and Home Economics, and Physical Education.In selective schools, various languages may be offered as electives, as well as other subjects such as computer programming a nd literary writing. Chinese schools have language and cultural electives. Preparatory schools usually add some business and accountancy courses, while science high schools have biology, chemistry, and physics at every level. Secondary students used to sit for the National Secondary Achievement Test (NSAT), which was based on the American SAT, and was administered by DepEd.Like its primary school counterpart, NSAT was phased-out after major reorganizations in the education department. Now the National Achievement Test is administered to second year students. high education institutions, both public and private, administer their own College Entrance Examinations (CEE). Vocational colleges usually do not have entrance examinations, simply accepting the diversity 138 record of studies from high school, and enrolment payment. Reference http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education_in_Philippines.

Principles for Duty of Care

Principles for implementing duty of c ar When people interact with each other each has a duty of care to the other. Duty of care a extremity to exercise a reasonable degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm to other people. safeguarding contributes to duty of care as baby birdren and babies are dependant on adults to care and protect them from harm, we safeguard children by carrying out risk assessments, observing and assessing their development, understanding the ways children may be abused and climb clear expectations for childrens behaviour.Children have rights, such as those set out in the UN convention on the rights of the child Parents rights are modified by their responsibilities towards the children. The childrens act 1989 make clear that it is the welfare of the child that is paramount. Childrens rights are often given priority, overriding those of the parent. Potential conflicts or dilemmas might arise between am imdividuals rights an d the duty of care, these toilette beRisk Taking Duty of care could conflict with childrens rights to have experiances which further there development and learning its essential children learn how to predict and acoid perilous situation, if you wrap a child in cotton wool you are taking their duty of care too far. ConfidentialityIt is essential that sensitive information is unbroken confidential. However childrens safety and welfare is kept paramount. This conflict becomes more apparent when safeguarding children from abuse. Information must be shared between profecionals in the intrest of the child. Sometimes without bear of the parents.I would discard my duty of care to support childrens rights to gain life skills on how to cope with tricky situations. When dealing with confidentiality your duty of care to protect a child or children from abuse must be balanced with the families rights to have private information treated confidentially. I could get additional support and advi ce from my manager, supervisor or team leaders.

A Book Review: Back to the Front by Stephen O’Shea

With Back to the Front Stephen OShea has written a very interesting, non-fiction book that crosses a variety of genres. It is a cash in ones chips book, a personal journey, and an anecdotal business relationship of World state of war I. Instead suffering from a staggering number of facts, Back to the Front provides historical information on a much personal, more immediate level. It is the story of the Western Front it is also the story of discovering that story. Back to the Front tells the story of what OShea experienced while walking the route of the World War I trench lines from Nieuport, Belgium to the Swiss border 450 miles to the south and east.Throughout the summer of 1986 OShea walked through the length of the infamous no mans land that separated the German Army and the confederative Armies from 1914 through 1918. During his journey OShea recorded his thoughts, and collected bits of information and scraps of memories not hardly of his journey, but of the First World War a nd its impact and relationship to its future, our throw day. He augments these with detailed research not only of the battles of World War I, but with information of other wars that allows the reader to make comparisons with events he or she may be familiar with.OShea wrote Back to the Front in a simple, easy to read style. He seems to anticipate the readers experience and provide resolution to difficulties the reader may ingest. When he enters Ypres, that difficult to spell and harder to pronounce city in Belgium, OShea provides the pronunciation for the reader ee-pruh and provides an interesting anecdote where he claims the English occupying forces struggled with the same difficult and discrete to call it Wipers (OShea, 31).Back to the Front relates not only the details of his physical journey highlighted with interesting and amusing anecdotes, it provides graphic details of the enormity of the war. Some of these facts are staggering. To the baby boomers whose first war exper ience is Vietnam with its approximate fifty thousand United States troops killed and to later generations that have seen 3,000+ American deaths in Iraq, it is difficult to internalize how the French could have had 210,000 soldiers killed in the month of August 1914. Such tragic losses were not unusual in the Great War.Time and again the military leadership of France and England ordered soldiers prior in open attacks on the well entrenched German soldiers. Hundreds of thousands of men were killed as they bravely, but foolishly followed their orders. OShea tells of a German officer who described the British soldiers as lions led by donkeys (OShea, 30). Stephen OShea is a Canadian writer and journalist who has lived in Paris since the early 1980s. Born in 1956 OShea spent his childhood at the whim of his fathers employers . . . bopping from city to town to city every two or thee years (OShea, 3).Consequently he is like many members of the generation that lacks roots because of the mob ility the automobile provided to wedlock American families in the Twentieth Century. Previous to his walk across Europe, OShea had visited the site Battle of the Somme and had become aware just how little impact the war to balance all wars appeared to have on his generation, the Baby Boomers. OShea tries to overcome the position common to members of all generations that his generation is somehow special and that the experiences previous generations were of limited value and should be ignored and dismissed . . .as a sort of tedious overture humanity had to endure before the real divas stepped on stage (OShea, 2). He tries to overcome the attitude that if a thing is history, it is a loser. Been there, done that, lets move on (OShea, 1). What results is not a just history although one certainly learns history, nor is it just a travel book that describes far away places for the armchair traveler to enjoy. Back to the Front is the story of not only OSheas walk through the trenches, bu t it is the story of the Baby Boomer generation searching for its place in the world, but searching for its place in history.Undoubtedly, OSheas book is not unique, perhaps not even special, it is a book, well-nigh a generations search for its place in history. However it is a good book and a thoughtful book that should be read not only by Baby Boomers, but later generations as well when these generations approach middle age and are trying to locate their place in the past, present, and future. works Cited OShea, Stephen. Back to the Front An Accidental Historian Walks the Trenches of World War I. New York Walker and Company,1996.

Meaning of Life and Hope

try for forecast, a word that we all drug abuse too commonly alone non defined clearly. Hope Is a desire accompanied by expectation of view In fulfillment. Its the feeling of absentminded something that could happen. Its a word of belief In positive outcomes about events and circumstances in our life. We use swear In a positive wishful meaning. When we accept for something, we wish for It, we get the estimation that It might happen. Hope Is a source we need in our lives to live and to get through our battles.It Isnt something that we should want, Its something that we need. Without It we are lost and not complete. There are umteen meanings that are salary In reference to the word try for. Its a word we use to cherish with anticipation. People hope so that they can get oer any obstacles that life throws at them. It gives them a reason to live and help them get through their own struggles. It is a psychological way of supporting oneself and make oneself also. It gives you the strength to not give up.People whitethorn hope to ass the big exam they have coming up, they may hope to pass the class, they also may hope to get the promotion at their jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to reduce an obstacle we should always follow through and believe in ourselves. Everybody involve hope in their lives. Its our best possession, its a part of us that makes our lives more meaningful. Hope is our best friend that will never give up on us or leave us alone. When we find ourselves alone we can find hope to overcome anything that we put our minds to.Everything that we do is ground on hope. Hope Is external, there are unlimited possibilities and opportunities hope has in store for us. Hope can make you feel powerful and happy and not weak and desperate. If you hope with pessimism, doubts, confusion and fear it will spoil your hopes. Sometimes hope is all we have when were down. Hope is finding out that its not the end Without hope, there would be no motiva tion or strength of will to withstand adversity. There would be no long term goals, no direction, no comfort, no grade or meaning of life.Hope is a vessel that carries a person through life. Its a motivator and it gives us something to look forward too each day. Hope is like a battery for our spirit to keep us believing and to have faith. Dont let doubt and fear get In the way of overcoming your obstacles. Without hope we are miserable and with hope we are powerful. In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source In our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to help overcome any obstacles that come In our way. Hope helps us succeed In anything we put our minds through It.When our thoughts are drowning tit doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependence that the unknown will turn out favorably. Hope Is the heartbeat In our lives, without It we are lost and Incomplete. BY Aftercares Hope, a word that we all use too commonly but not defined clearly. Hope is a desire accompanied by expectation of belief in fulfillment. Its the feeling of wanting something that could happen. Its a word of belief in positive outcomes about events and circumstances in our life. We use hope in a positive wishful meaning.When we keynote for something, we wish for it, we get the idea that it might happen. Hope is a source we need in our lives to live and to get through our battles. It isnt something that we should want, its something that we need. Without it we are lost and not There are many meanings that are similar in reference to the word hope. Its a word we use to cherish with anticipation. People hope so that they can get over any may hope to get the promotion at their Jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to anything that we put our minds to. Everything that we do is based on hope.Hope is spirit to keep us believing and to have faith. Dont let doubt and fear get in the way of In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source in our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to help overcome any obstacles that come in our way. Hope helps us succeed in anything we put our minds through it. When our thoughts are drowning with doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependence that the unknown will turn out favorably. Hope is the heartbeat in our lives, without it we are lost and incomplete.

Marketing Research Proposal Sample Essay

Introduction Indian harvest-time Juice market is an unorganized and newly developing market. alone recently this sector is getting more organized and attracting more players in the market. Though the unorganized corner shop vendors dominate this market, Indian consumers are touching towards branded fruit Juice because of their improvement in health consciousness. Indian fruit Juice market is having a net-worth of 275 crores as of now and increasing at a rate of 35% to per year.This study was conducted to identify the existing market structure, industry trends, existing players and their tatus in the market, growth possibilities and consumer behavior of existing fruit succus consumers. The study was conducted to understand the total market intelligence so that it can guide any new fledgling in this sector in Indian market would get befitted. The study includes both primary and secondary research. Primary research was conducted across India.Primary research involves collecting ins truction from both consumers and retailers so as to get better understanding about the market. This research report can serve as a guide for any new entrant who wants to enter in this fruit Juice market in India. The report can also serve as a basic industry information resource. (http//www. reportbuyer. com/food_drink/country_overviews_food/ indian_fruit_uice_market. html) Problem statement Which factors influence the consumer purchasing decision for fruit drinks.Objective * To determine the product attributes influencing purchase decision of fruit drink brands. * To determine the reasons for overpowering various fruit drink brands. To determine the most preferred SKU(quantity) in fruit drink category. * To determine the most preferred channel in the fruit drink category. * To determine most preferred fruit drink SCOPE * Study will be carried across different areas of Ahmedabad city. * People of different mature groups will be considered in the Study. Study is concentrated on Car bonated and Non-Carbonated fruit drinks.

My Wrist Watch Essay

My watch means a lot to me, and is one of my some cherished possessions which Ive ever had. It came virtually on a beautiful day I decided to escort shade my girlfriend to the Mall for some window shopping. That same day was my birthday. I had neer celebrated my birthday, and I still didnt see any reason to do so that day. We checked as many things as we could in most stores, although we had no money to purchase one single thing. We walked into this particular jewelry store which Shade had always talked approximately in the past. I sincerely had no love for jewelries, so for me, going or not going to that jewelry store, really made no difference at all.Along the line, we ended up at this jewelry store Shade had been talking about. Inside the jewelry store I matt-up so bored, and gazed into the thin air, like I really had something I took serious notice of but in reality I was looking through the jewelry and its shelves. At this point I really felt like a soggy cow, forced to the river. Just about ten minutes in this store, my eyes caught sight of this object on the jewelry shelf. about(predicate) five feet away, it looked so attractive and seemed as pretty as a Mona Lisa painting. Something really made this object outstanding compared to other objects on the shelf. Moving codar, and about a foot away from the jewelry shelf, I could conclude that this glittering object was a watch. From where I stood I could conclude that this watch was manufactured from straightforward yellow gold bars of about eighteen karat gold and stainless steel. it had about a 40mm case and about a 20mm brace permit.It had this unique sport of having an independent setting for the hour hand, and further featured the date function at the 3 oclock hour of the face. It also had a detonator laid at the 12 oclock hour, which at that juncture, made me connect with the reality that I was standing in the presence of a differentiate of an almighty Rolex watch.Within a split second, one of the sales ladies walked up to me and offered me assistance, but what could she offer me, except for name and the price of the watch, which I immediately asked her for. She let me know the name of the watch was a Rolex Thunderbird, and it would cost me about $800 to purchase it. At that point $800 registered in my brain as two times my periodic rent. All the same the watch still looked to me like it worth more than that amount.Standing close to the door was Shade she looked like she had been standing there for close to twenty five minutes. I immediately met up with her, and I thought I heard her say she was surprised and thought that I never love watches. I know I never really loved watches, but there was really something different and special about this watch that could not fit up. Shade dropped me of at my apartment and hurriedly left, which was unlike shade that would always like to spend some time with me before leaving. Well for me, that was not a problem, because at the m oment, the only immediate problem I had was where on earth I could get $800 to purchase the Rolex watch I saw back there at the jewelry store.As much as I could remember, I never expected Shade to came back to my apartment that night, as I was about to go to bed. But as she came back, this time she came with a birthday gift. Since I knew shade, she had never given me a birthday gift, nor had she ever remembered my birthday. Well on unwrapping the gift, and then opening the black box, there laid a Rolex Thunderbird wrist watch, which was exactly the same wrist watch, I saw at the store much primitively in the day. Nobody had given me a birthday gift in the past 20 years. This was the greatest gift of my life, and which till this day, remains an important while of my life.

Having Children While Young

HAVING CHILDREN WHILE YOUNG (pros and cons) wiz of the largest problems nowadays is having children while young. That problem includes teenage parents from fifteen to eighteen years old, who arent ready to bring up their children yet. However, having a children while young has both, advantages and disadvantages. Being a young parent does not concur legion(predicate) advantages, but some of them are really good. For example, young parents are more mature than their peers because theyve seen how hard lifespan really is.After few years, they pass on have more understanding for their teenage kid, and kid will have more understanding for his young parents. Beside that it might be better to have kids when youre young and you have the energy, health, time and flexibility for children, than when you are older. However, having a kid is not an easy thing. Young parents have numerous responsibilities, so they have to learn how to be responsible. They must have support and understanding of the society and their parents, both financial and emotional, otherwise they will not make it.Young parents have to abort their further culture for their child good, what is definitely not good because it will be harder for them to get a job in the future. To conclude, having a child is a beautiful thing that helps you build up your character, but it is also very hard and complicated. Especially for young people. So you should be very careful with your life and always animadvert twice before you do something stupid.

Asgn

Direction Design and Innovation Audi decides ( ) Q5 ( ) A1 (x) + R8 ( ) TT Direction Fits all Maruti Answers ( ) Eeco (x) + Omni ( ) Versa ( ) WagonR Direction built for the unwritten road Volvo Answers ( ) XC60 ( ) V70 (x) + S80 ( ) C30 Lets go Maruti Answers (x) + Alto ( ) 800 ( ) Swift ( ) Estilo Just do it A. Nike B. Adidas C. Reebok D. Goodyear The ameliorate root is A. Nike Q. 14)There are some things m peerlessy cant buy, for everything else theres ______. A. Visa B.American Express C. Mastercard D. Disc over The wane dish out is C. Mastercard A rainbow (or any other color now) fruit with a bite taken out of it? a) mackintosh Mowers b) Musselmans c) Apple d) Chiquita The congeal service is c) Apple 0. The wave? a) Big Sur Waterbeds b) Coca-Cola c) Shoreline telephone d) Beech-nut gum The cook up answer is b) Coca-Cola What is Six Sigma? a. A mathematical model for increasing output while lowering costs b. A arrangement of quality manageme nt c. A form of industrial dispute arbitration d. An ad-hoc grouping of the worlds sise nearly valuable companies The correct answer is b.A organization of quality management . Jack Welch is regarded as one of the great business innovators of the modern era. Of which company was he CEO? a. Pfizer b. IBM c. Wal-Mart d. General Electric The correct answer is d. General Electric The production system of which car giant is often held up as a model of business innovation? a. Fiat b. Volkswagen c. Peugeot d. Toyota The correct answer is d. Toyota According to earth wellness brass section estimates, how many people are currently living with HIV/AIDS worldwide? a. 9. 6 zillion b. 20. 4 million c. 39. 4 million d. 40. 2 million The correct answer is c. 9. 4 million A loan to pay for a home, business or other real estate over a period of time is a a) deposit b) bankruptcy c) mortgage The correct answer is c) mortgage You read ____ news paper because You deserve to know a) Times of Indi a b) Hindustan Times c) The Hindu d) Bombay Times The correct answer is b) Hindustan Times Which companies restless phone are marketed with the slogan Big inside. Small Outside a) Nokia b) Sony c) Samsung d) Motorola The correct answer is c) Samsung Louie Philippe is the brand name of a a) shirt b) paper c) car d) luggage ware The correct answer is a) shirt Power is the name of oil from which of the following Oil gaints? a) IOCL b) HP c) BPCL d) Shell The correct answer is b) HP According to the Economic Survey, India is placed at which place in Wireless network spry users in the World? a) First b) sec c) Third d) Fourth The correct answer is b) Second hat was the achieved growth rate of GDP in Ninth Five Year Plan? a) 8. 0% b) 7. 0% c) 7. 5% d) 8. 5% The correct answer is b) 7. 0% When did ICC World Cup 2012 Cricket tournament start? a) February 14, 2012 b) phratry 18, 2012 c) January 13, 2012 d) August 14, 2012 The correct answer is b) family line 18, 2012Finance Bold one is right fiscal accounting is foc employ on the __________ financial statements of a company. externalinternal Which of these two accounting methods has the most potential to distort financial operating results? a. Cash basis b. Accrual basis c. Neither they put up the same result The Marketing Mix consists of -) A Product, Price, Place, Promotion B People, Products, Price, Place C Process, People, carnal Evidence, Product D Price, Promotion, Advertising, Place E Process, Place, Physical Evidence, Product Positioning refers to A How consumers perceive the product. B How competitors perceive the product. C How products are viewed on the shelf. D Your product compared to your competitors. Brand names are principally used to A Show consumers you own the product. B Spice up the image of a product. C To help identify a product. D To help consumers select a product/service. Market breakdown refers to A Div iding products into distinct groups. B Dividing competitors into distinct groups. C Analysing consumer behaviour. D The process of dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers. PEST is used for A Customer analysis. B Environmental analysis. C Competitor analysis. D Product adoption analysis. . puddle the Person of India who was ap leaded as Chief Economist of World Bank. (a) Kaushik basu (b) Jaideep Sarkar (c) Narayan Murthy (d) Nandan NilkeniAnswer (a) Kaushik basu The Supreme Court of India on 4 September 2012 directed the alliance presidential term of India to re-fix the pay scale of army officers affected by the which buckle under focusing? (a) Fourth pay citizens committee (b) Sixth pay Commission (c) Fifth Pay Commission (d) no(prenominal) of these Answer (a) Fourth pay Commission 2. At what interest rate per centum per annum, The Union storage locker gave its approval to continue interest subsidy to Public Sector Banks (PSB s), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Cooperatives Banks and NABARD modify them to provide short-term crop loans of up to Rs 3 hundred thousands to farmers during the year 2012-13? a) 7% Per annum (b) 8. 5 % Per annum (c) 6 % Per annum (d) 5 % per annum Answer (a) 7 % per annum To what portion Government of India on 11 September 2012 reduced interest pass judgment on rescheduled crop loans from 12 percent in the drought-affected areas for the fiscal year 2012-13 (a) 8 percent (b) 5 percent (c) 7 percent (d) 6 percent Answer (c) 7 Percent 4. The State Health Ministry of Arunachal Pradesh launched a scheme in Itanagar on 14 September 2012 for providing financial assistance upto 1. 5 lakh rupees to BPL patients suffering from life threatening diseases in the form of a onetime grant.What was the name of that scheme? (a) Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi (b) Rashtriya Janseva Nidhi (c) Rashtriya Sarvoklayan Prayojna (d) None of these Answer (a) Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi 5. trace the Person of India who was appointed as Chief Economist of World Bank. (a) Kaushik basu (b) Jaideep Sarkar (c) Narayan Murthy (d) Nandan Nilkeni Answer (a) Kaushik basu Name the Indian boxer and London Olympic bronze medalist who on 24 September 2012 named as the brand ambassador of super fight league. (a) Vijendra Singh (b) M C Mary Kom (c) Manoj Kumar (d) Vikas Krishan Answer (b) M C Mary Kom 3.Name the Former Cricketer and all-rounder, who was appointed as the Chairman of the five member senior selection charge of BCCI on 27 September 2012. (a) Saba Karim (b) Vikram Rathour (c) Sandeep Patil (d) Rajinder Singh Hans. Answer (c) Sandeep Patil 4. Deepika Kumari the Sports Person from India, won Silver at Recurve World Cup on 23 September 2012 in Tokyo. Recurve world Cup is related to which Sports takings? (a) Archery (b) Shooting (c) Disc Throwing (d) Volley ball Answer (a) Archery 5. Which Indian golfer wrapped up a four-shot victory at the Yeangder tournament players Championship in Chinese Taipei on 17 September 2012? a) Gaganjeet Bhullar (b) Jeev Mikha Singh (c) Shiv Kapur (d) Jyoti Randhawa Answer (a) Gaganjeet Bhullar Name the person who on 13 September 2012 was appointed as the 39th pass justice of India (a) Justice Altamas Kabir (b) Justice A. K. Sikri (c) Rajeev Gupta (d) Justice Mohit Shantilal Shah Answer (a) Justice Altamas Kabir 2. Which person was appointed as the chairperson of, The Indian newspaper Society for the year 2012-2013 on 13 September 2012 during the 73rd annual meet of the Newspaper Society? (a) K. N. Tilak Kumar (b) Ravindra Kumar (c) Ashish Bagga (d) Pradeep Gupta Answer (a) K. N. Tilak Kumar 3.On which run across Vayalar Ravi, Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs inaugurated the 7th Heads of Indian Missions (HoMs) league and announced revised Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF) scheme. (a) 15 September 2012 (b) 16 September 2012 (c) 17 September 2012 (d) 20 September 2012 Answer (c) 17 September 2012 4. The Supreme Court of India on 14 Septem ber 2012 lifted the gag order on media reporting of troop movement that was reproducible by one of the High Court. HC order was in violation of the fundamental right under clause 19(1) (a) of the Constitution, granted to the media and every citizen of the country.The order came from which of the graduate(prenominal) court? (a) Allahabad High court (b) Calcutta high court (c) Karnataka high court (d) Madras high court Answer (a) Allahabad High court 5. The Union government raised Dearness wages (DA) by what percent benefiting its 80 lakh employees and pensioners and costing the exchequer an additional Rs7,408 crore annually? (a) 4 percent (b) 8 percent (c) 7 percent (d) 6 percent Answer (c) 7 percent For what percent, The Government of India on 20 September 2012 hiked the foreign investment cap for the broadcasting service providers? (a) 65 percent (b) 74 percent (c) 80 percent d) 54 percent Answer (b) 74 percent 2. The Cabinet mission on Economic Affairs (CCEA) on 24 September 2012 canonical a incase on debt restructuring for the state-electricity boards. What was net worth of that package? (a) 1. 90 lakh Crore (b) 3. 5 lakh Crore (c) 2. 6 lakh Crore (d) 1. 25 lakh Crore Answer (a) 1. 90 lakh crore 3. Which agency was instructed by the primaeval Vigilance Commission on 24 September 2012 to expand its investigation scope on Coal Block allotment to private firms in between 1993 to 2004? (a) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (b) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) c) CAG Committee (d) None of These Answer (b) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 4. Market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has approved a proposed hike of the governments stake in Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd (IFCI) to make it a state-run company. What was hike that Percent? (a) 56. 25 Percent (b) 55. 57 Percent (c) 54. 35 Percent (d) 58. 65 Percent Answer (b) 55. 5 Percent 5. State Bank of India, the countrys largest bank, cuts its base rate with h ow much point making it to 9. 75 percent? (a) 25 basis point (b) 45 basis point (c) 35 basis point d) 50 basis point Answer (a) 15 basis point The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited introduced a system for making the payment of the bookings via mobile phones. What is the name of that system? (a) Interbank Mobile Payment System (IMPS) (b) Sybase mobile banking System (c) Railway mobile banking system (d) PNB mobile banking System Answer (a) Interbank Mobile Payment System (IMPS) 2. Name the Union Minister who had suggested stage tantrum up of a National Investment Board (NIB) under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to accord flying clearances to mega proposals. a) Sharad Pawar (b) A. K. Antony (c) Kapil Sibal (d) P. Chidambaram Answer (d) P. Chidambaram 3. check Bank of India injected a liquidity of around ___________by slashing down the Cash harbour Ratio (CRR) by 25 basis points to 4. 50 percent from 4. 75 percent. (a) 17000 crore (b) 15000 crore (c) 10000 cro re (d) 12000 crore Answer (a) 17000 crore 4. Shimla municipal Corporation introduced a Tax on Shimla entry of vehicles that are not registered in Himachal Pradesh. What was the name of that valuate? (a) Envy Tax (b) unfledged Tax (c) Carbon value (d) Natural resource consumption valueAnswer (b) Green tax 5. Name the report which was submitted to the finance minister of India by the Shome Committee conventional by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, after the approval of Prime Minister of India. (a) GARR trace (b) CAG Report (c) Financial character Report (d) Tax Mitigation Report Answer (a) GARR Report Name the astronaut of Indian American origin who took over the command of International Space Station on 15 September 2012. (a) Sunita Williams (b) Kalpana Chawla (c) rail at Malhotra (d) None of these Answer (a) Sunita Williams 2.Scientists at Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) warned that most of Earths land areas might face an radical summer heat wave than they did f aced in between 1951 to 1980. Goddard Institute of Space Studies is a form of which space research centre? (a) ISRO (b) NASA (c) Centre of astrophysics (d) European Space Agency Answer (b) NASA 3. On which date from 1995 onwards the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is celebrated worldwide? (a) 15 September (b) 18 September (c) 16 September (d) 12 September Answer (c) 16 September 4.Where the ozone layer is in general found in the Earths atmosphere? (a) Stratosphere (b) Hemisphere (c) Ozonosphere (d) Troposphere Answer (a) Stratosphere 5. The environment ministry on 12 September 2012 suspended the clearance of environmental guidelines issued to 93 Mines across which state? (a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Rajasthan (c) Goa (d) Madhya Pradesh Answer (c) Goa The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited introduced a system for making the payment of the bookings via mobile phones. What is the name of that system? (a) Interbank Mobile Payment System (IMPS ) (b) Sybase mobile banking System c) Railway mobile banking system (d) PNB mobile banking System Answer (a) Interbank Mobile Payment System (IMPS) 2. Name the Union Minister who had suggested setting up of a National Investment Board (NIB) under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to accord swift clearances to mega proposals. (a) Sharad Pawar (b) A. K. Antony (c) Kapil Sibal (d) P. Chidambaram Answer (d) P. Chidambaram 3. Reserve Bank of India injected a liquidity of around ___________by slashing down the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 25 basis points to 4. 50 percent from 4. 75 percent. (a) 17000 crore (b) 15000 crore (c) 10000 crore d) 12000 crore Answer (a) 17000 crore 4. Shimla municipal Corporation introduced a Tax on Shimla entry of vehicles that are not registered in Himachal Pradesh. What was the name of that tax? (a) Envy Tax (b) Green Tax (c) Carbon tax (d) Natural resource consumption tax Answer (b) Green tax 5. Name the report which was submitted to the finance minister of Indi a by the Shome Committee constituted by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, after the approval of Prime Minister of India. (a) GARR Report (b) CAG Report (c) Financial Credit Report (d) Tax Mitigation Report Answer (a) GARR Report

Prison Overcrowding Essay

revokeThis research paper is to explore the impact of prison oercrowding. The linked States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not merely does the United States stand this dilemma, but also many other countries bind overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues sine qua non to be addressed shipway to reduce the prison commonwealths and how to effectively reduce prison bell without jeopardizing confederation safety are major issues that need heed. Successfully rehabilitating gyps can play an important role in the fight to Prison OvercrowdingThere are overcrowded prisons all over the world. In 2011, the United States federal prisons housed about 219,000 inmates. In 1980, the United States federal prison population was 25,000. A total of 1,598,780 adults were incarcerated in county jails and federal and call down prisons at the end of 2011, according to Urban Institute. There are many issues that need to be revisited until there is a solution. A number of impacts are the product of the overcrowded prisons. Health, safety of inmates and correctional staff, as well as, economic problems all need some solution, and quickly. Not only are prisons affected, communities are also directly and indirectly affected by prison overcrowding.Even though the government cant just cause releasing prisoners that havent served their full sentences to reduce the populations, the cost of immurement, the wellness and safety of inmates and staff, and the affect that overcrowding has on communities are all issues that cannot be put on a back burner. With United States prisons being change 38 percent above their capacity, some issues are of greater importance than others when it comes to the overcrowding of prisons. How to decrease prison populations is the briny objective. California has started a program that has reduced prison populations significantly. Nonviolent, non-serious, non-sexual offenders are sentenced to local anaesthetic faciliti es like county jailsinstead of recount prison. The Department of Corrections has programs that alternative to incarceration and are to a greater extent cost effective that have been apt(p) more funding in recent years also. The cost of incarceration, and the effect it has on the economy, in the United States is a major issue. It is very costly to house inmates in prison every year.An article in Impaired Driver Update. Show that it cost $27,000 to hold one inmate for a year, and that approximately $50 billion a year is worn-out(a) on incarceration. It cost 20 times more to have an inmate incarceration than to have them on probation. Of $50 billion dollars spent on correction, $6.8 billion is spent on probation. An article published in Federal Probation in 2013 states, recidivism rates average between 43 and 67 percent and surveillance violators constitute on third of the persons admitted to state correctional facilities, and on, average, persons under supervision have five prior arrest 16 percent violated a federal, state, or local companionship supervision, and 8 percent have a history of absconding. Sentencing offenders to alternative programs would encourage cut cost and also help decrease prison overcrowding. Alternative programs for offenders in lieu of prison or inmate programs that help rehabilitate offenders and prepare them for re-entry could also help prison overcrowding.If inmates are able to attend programs for do drugs treatment, social disorders, and dealing with issues like abuse as a child the prison population could decrease. Inmates that have boomingly rehabilitated have contributed to society and thus show that more money towards rehabilitation instead of incarceration could have a positive impact on population and society. In 2012, supervisees paid around $645 meg in restitution, fines, and assessments. They contributed $4 million in community service. If more inmates are successfully rehabilitated an estimation in the Federal Probat ion shows that a savings of around $115 million could be cut of the budget with supervisees change by paying taxes, supporting dependents rather than on welfare, satisfying ordered financial obligations, and performing community service. The probation system cannot solve the whole overcrowding problem but could help immensely.Inmates that are released from prison that have no family, no real friends, no one to help them are really set up to give-up the ghost off the top. They are given $200 and sent out to survive in what is one of the most expensive countries in the world. $200 now days will not even get you a hotel room for a week.So many of them revert to selling drugs, stealing, or worse to manage. If there were more programs to help find them housing, employment opportunities and teach them how to be productive members of society, maybe the prison population would relate to decrease. There are also many effects of prison overcrowding on inmates and correctional staff health as well as the effects on correctional staff safety. The Corrections Manager musical theme in Dec/Jan 2014 reports an incident of a BOP officer killed, while working alone in a unit housing 130 inmates. The Urban Institute also states, health and safety hazards from over used toilets, showers, and food service equipment, are some of the many issues that need to be addressed.The Supreme chat up ruled that California prisons were so bad they violated the 8th amendment and CDRC needed to reduce prison population by 30,000 inmates. Releasing inmates also has an effect on communities. When inmates are release it can affect their communities. If in the future there are more alternatives to incarceration to help reduce prison population slew will be affected. Of course, not all inmates are going to follow their rehabilitation program and their law-breaking will affect their community. They many rob, steal, or possibly assault someone in their community. They could begin to barter drug s that can also directly affect a community. There are positive ways though too that the community could be affected and the community could also positively affect the offender by participating or starting programs that help offenders start following a new path, and become successful members of society.Some communities have started outreach programs that help offenders. By having alternative programs available to offenders, who meet certain criteria it will help with the prison overcrowding problem that much of the United States continues to have a serious problem with. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem all over the world. It has economic effects. Prison overcrowding also has health risk to inmates as well as correctional staff. Safety risk for both inmates and correctional staff pose a great problem to with prisons being overcrowded. There are both pros and cons when it comes to effects on communities with this issue. Although we cant just start releasing inmates to solve pr ison overcrowding, we can start focusing on ways to solve this problem. Prison overcrowding is a very complicated issue and should be given great attention by Congress, the Board of Prisons, and the Department of Justice.ReferencesGershenhorn, Karen & Myers Ryan. 2013. Prison Math. Impaired Driver. Winter 2013. Vol. 17. Issue 1, p 5-19. Harding, Richard. 1987. Australian and new-fashioned Zealand Journal of Criminology. Australian Academic Press. Mar.1987. Vol. 20 Issue 1, p 50-62. Mobley, Alan & Owen, Barbara. 2012. Western Criminology Review. Aug. 2012. Volume 13. Issue 2. p 46-57. Rowland, Mathew. 2013. Federal Probation. Sept. 2013. Volume 77. Issue 2. p 12-12. Schiffner, Bill. 2013. Corrections Forum. July/Aug 2013. Vol. 22. Issue 4, p. 38-39

The Function of Criticism at the Present Time

THE hunt d processsume OF denunciation AT THE read succession Matthew Arn peerless-time(a) THE take to the woods OF critique AT THE subject snip Table of Contents THE FUNCTION OF rebuke AT THE dedicate succession. 1 Matthew Arn atomic number 53time(a) 1 i THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE precede TIME Matthew Arnold This page copyright 2001 Blackm solicit Online. ttp//www. blackmask. com Our antagonist is our helper. This amicable inmateflict with difficulty obliges us to an intimate booster doseship with our object, and compels us to visualize it in altogether(a) its relations. It volition non suffer us to be superficial. BURKE. THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE ease up TIME. MANY objections gain been do to a proposition which, in virtu whollyy remarks of mine on translating Homer, I ventured to put forth a proposition intimately denunciation, and its importance at the render daytime.I said Of the literary productions of France and Ger m whatsoever some opposite(prenominal), as of the intellect of atomic number 63 in normal, the main effort, for now existencey years, has been a amateural effort the endeavour, in all branches of familiarity, theology, philosophy, history, art, perception, to contingency on the object as in itself it real is. I added, that owing to the operation in incline litera? ture of authorized causes, al virtually the last amour for which ane would come to incline literature is just that real thing which now Europe near diethylstil shellerolires unfavorable judg custodyt and that the causation and value of position literature was on that pointby impaired.More than one rejoinder decl ard that the importance I here assigned to critic philosophy was excessive, and asserted the inherent superiority of the germinal effort of the hu part liven oer its critical effort. And the other day, having been led by an excellent nonice of Wordsworth published in the northeast British check, to ru ng again to his biography, I found, in the words of this dandy man, whom I, for one, essential al panaches bear in perspicacity to with the profoundest respect, a clip passed on the critics business, which seems to justify both possible disparagement of it.Wordsworth verbalizes in one of his earn The salvagers in these domainations (the Re good deals), while they prosecute their inglorious employment, tummy? non be supposed to be in a state of school principal rattling favour? able for be affected by the fine influences of a thing so pure as real poetry. And a trustworthy reporter of his conversation quotes a a slap-up deal(prenominal) elaborate judgment to the like effect Wordsworth holds the critical power very low, in? initely lower than the inventive and he said to? day that if the quantity of measure consumed in writing critiques on the consentaneous kit of others were given to original com? position, of whatever kind it faculty be, it would be lots offend diligent it would contain a man control emerge sooner his own level, and it would do infinitely belittled mischief. A put on or malicious review whitethorn do much injury to the minds of others a stupid invention, either in prose or verse, is quite an harmless. It is al some too much to expect of despicable human spirit, that a man capable of producing some effect in one line of literature, should, for the bang-up sound of society, voluntarily doom himself to impotence and obscurity in other. THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE pledge TIME 1 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME Sboulder clay less is this to be evaluate from men addicted to the composition of the fictional or malicious rebuke, of which Wordsworth speaks. How? ver, everybody would admit that a false or malicious criticism had better never buzz off been written. Every? body, too, would be leading to admit, as a general propo? sition, that the critical faculty is lower than the inven tive. merely is it accredited that criticism is genuinely, in itself, a baneful and injurious employment is it true that all time given to writing critiques on the deeds of others would be much better employed if it were given to original composition, of whatever kind this may be?Is it true that Johnson had better oblige gone on producing more(prenominal) Irenes instead of writing his Lives of the Poets nay, is it plastered that Wordsworth himself was better employed in view his Ecclesiastical Sonnets, than when he made his celebrated Preface, so full of criticism, and criticism of the plant feeling of others? Wordsworth was himself a prominent critic, and it is to be honestly regretted that he has not left us more criticism Goethe was one of the greatest of critics, and we may sincerely congratu? late ourselves that he has left us so much criticism.Without wasting time over the exaggeration which Wordsworths judgment on criticism clearly contains, or over an attempt to t belt along the causes, not difficult I reckon to be traced, which may re period of bet led Wordsworth to this exaggeration, a critic may with advantage seize an occasion for trying his own conscience, and for request himself of what real service, at some(prenominal) given moment, the pr make a motionice of criticism either is, or may be made, to his own mind and spirit, and to the minds and spirits of others. The critical power is of lower rank than the creative.True precisely in assenting to this proposition, one or two things argon to be kept in mind. It is undeniable that the exercise of a creative power, that a loose creative practise, is the true function of man it is proved to be so by mans feeling in it his true mirth. and it is un? deniable, also, that men may invite the sense of exercising this free creative action at jurisprudence in other demeanors than in producing great scores of literature or art if it were not so, all besides a very few men would be shut out from the true rapture of all men they may read it in healthy? oing, they may bemuse it in learning, they may look at it compensate in criticising. This is one thing to be kept in mind. Another is, that the exercise of the creative power in the production of great kit and caboodle of literature or art, however high this exercise of it may rank, is not at all epochs and under all intends possible and that therefore labour may be vainly spent in attempting it, which power with more fruit be used in preparing for it, in rendering it possible. This creative power works with elements, with materials what if it has not those materials, those elements, ready for its use?In that case it must surely wait till they be ready. Now in literature, I ordain limit myself to literature, for it is about literature that the query arises, the elements with which the creative power works atomic look 18 ideas the scoop up ideas, on every case which literature touches, sure at the time at every(prenominal) rate we may lay it down as certain that in moderne literature no manifestation of the creative power not working with these can be very important or fruitful.And I say current at the time, not merely accessible at the time for creative literary genius does not principally salute itself in discovering new ideas that is or else the business of the philosopher the railway yard work of literary genius is a work of synthesis and exposition, not of outline and discovery its gift lies in the faculty of universe happily inspired by a certain intellectual and phantasmal atmo orbit, by a certain order of ideas, when it barings itself in them of palming divinely with these ideas, presenting them in the about effective and attractive combinations, reservation beautiful works with them, in hornswoggle. moreover it must have the atmo knowledge base, it must find itself amidst the order of ideas, in order to work freely and these it is not so easy to comm and. This is wherefore great creative epochs in literature atomic number 18 so r be this is why there is so much that is unsatisfactory in the productions of many a(prenominal) men of real genius because for the creation of a predominate? work of literature two powers must concur, the power of the man and the power of the moment, and the man is not equal without the moment the creative power has, for its happy exercise, appointed elements, and those ele? ents are not in its own control. Nay, they are more within the control of the critical power. It is the business of the critical power, as I said in the words already quoted, in all branches of know? ledge, theology, philosophy, history, art, science, to see the object as in itself it really is. Thus it tends, at last, to make an intellectual situation of which the creative power can profitably religious service itself.It tends to establish an order of ideas, if not absolutely true, yet true by comparison with that which it d isplaces to make the opera hat ideas prevail. Presently these new ideas reach society, the touch of fair play is the touch of life, and there is a stir and offshoot everywhere out of this stir and suppuration come the creative epochs of literature. Or, to designate our range, and quit these considerations of the general jar against of genius and of society, THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 2THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME considera? tions which are apt to frame too abstract and impalp? able, every one can see that a poet, for instance, ought to know life and the existence before dealing with them in poetry and life and the inception macrocosm, in modern times, very complex things, the creation of a modern poet, to be worth much, implies a great critical effort behind it else it must be a comparatively poor, barren, and short? ived affair. This is why Byrons poetry had so little endurance in it, and Goethes so much both Byron and Goethe had a gre at fertile power, scarce Goethes was nourished by a great critical effort providing the true materials for it, and Byrons was not Goethe knew life and the piece, the poets necessary subjects, much more comprehensively and thoroughly than Byron. He knew a great deal more of them, and he knew them much more as they really are.It has eagle-eyed seemed to me that the burst of creative activity in our literature, through the head start quarter of this century, had about it, in fact, something premature and that from this cause its productions are doomed, most of them, in spite of the sanguine hopes which accompanied and do quiet down accompany them, to prove cloggyly more lasting than the productions of outlying(prenominal) less splendid epochs. And this prematureness comes from its having proceeded without having its proper data, without sufficient materials to work with.In other words, the English poetry of the graduation exercise quarter of this century, with business deal o f energy, plenty of creative soldiery, did not know replete. This makes Byron so fire of matter, Shelley so incoherent, Words? worth flush, profound as he is, yet so lacking in com? pleteness and variety. Wordsworth cared little for binds, and disparaged Goethe. I admire Wordsworth, as he is, so much that I cannot wish him dissimilar and it is vain, no doubt, to imagine such a man different from what he is, to suppose that he could have been different but surely the one thing wanting to make Wordsworth an nonetheless greater poet than he is, is imagination richer, and his influence of wider application, was that he should have read more books, among them, no doubt, those of that Goethe whom he disparaged without discipline him. but to speak of books and reading may easily lead to a misapprehend here. It was not really books and reading that lacked to our poetry, at this epoch Shelley had plenty of reading, Coleridge had immense reading. Pindar and Sophocles, as we all sa y so glibly, and often with so little discernment of the real import of what we are saying, had ot many books Shakspeare was no deep reader. True but in the Greece of Pindar and Sophocles, in the England of Shakspeare, the poet lived in a current of ideas in the highest degree animating and nourishing to the creative power society was, in the fullest measure, permeated by fresh thought, intelligent and alive and this state of things is the true butt for the creative powers exercise, in this it finds its data, its materials, truly ready for its hand all the books and reading in the world are solely valuable as they are helps to this.Even when this does not actually exist, books and reading may enable a man to construct a kind of semblance of it in his own mind, a world of knowledge and intelligence in which he may live and work this is by no means an equivalent, to the artist, for the nationwide diffused life and thought of the epochs of Sophocles or Shakspeare, but, besides that i t may be a means of readiness for such epochs, it does really constitute, if many share in it, a quickening and sustaining atmosphere of great value. much(prenominal) an atmosphere the many? sided learning and the long and widely? ombined critical effort of Germany formed for Goethe, when he lived and worked. in that respect was no national illumination of life and thought there, as in the A indeeds of Pericles, or the England of Elizabeth. That was the poets weakness. But there was a sort of equivalent for it in the complete polish and unfettered thinking of a large body of Germans. That was his military force. In the England of the first quarter of this century, there was neither a national glow of life and thought, such as we had in the age of Elizabeth, nor yet a culture and a force of learning and criticism, such as were to be found in Germany.Therefore the creative power of poetry wanted, for victor in the highest sense, materials and a basis a thorough interpretation o f the world was necessarily denied to it. At first sight it seems strange that out of the immense stir of the French transmutation and its age should not have come a crop of works of genius equal to that which came out of the stir of the great productive time of Greece, or out of that of the Renaissance, with its powerful episode the Reformation. But the true statement is that the stir of the French Revolution took a character which essentially distinguished it from such causes as these.These were, in the main, disinterestedly intellectual and spiritual movements movements in which the human spirit looked for its satisfaction in itself and in the in? creased endure of its own activity the French Revolution took a semi governmental, realistic character. The movement which went on in France under the old regime, from 1700 to 1789, was off the beaten track(predicate) more really akin than that of the Revolution itself to the movement of the Renaissance the France of Voltaire and THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 3THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME Rousseau told far more powerfully upon the mind of Europe than the France of the Revolution. Goethe reproached this last expressly with having thrown quiet culture back. Nay, and the true key to how much in our Byron, even in our Words? worth, is this that they had their source in a great movement of feeling, not in a great movement of mind. The French Revolution, however, that object of so much blind love and so much blind hatred, found doubtless its motive? ower in the intelligence of men and not in their realistic sense this is what distinguishes it from the English Revolution of Charles the Firsts time this is what makes it a more spiritual event than our Re? volution, an event of much more powerful and world? wide interest, though realisticly less successful it appeals to an order of ideas which are universal, certain, permanent. 1789 asked of a thing, Is it wise? 1642 asked of a thing, Is it legal? or, when it went furthest, Is it according to conscience?This is the English mood a fashion to be treated, within its own sphere, with the highest respect for its success, within its own sphere, has been prodigious. But what is honor in one place, is not law in another what is law here to? day, is not law even here tomorrow and as for conscience, what is attach on one mans conscience is not binding on anothers the old woman who threw her stool at the head of the surpliced minister in St. Giless perform at Edinburgh obeyed an impulse to which millions of the human race may be permitted to remain strangers. But the pre? criptions of reason are absolute, unchanging, of universal validity to count by tens is the simplest route of counting,* *A generator in the Saturday Review, who has offered me some counsels about style for which I am truly grateful, suggests that this should stand as come afters To take as your unit an set up base of notation, ten being gi ven as the base of notation, is, except for numbers under twenty, the simplest way of counting. I tried it so, but I assure him, without jealousy, that the more I looked at his improved way of pose the thing, the less I correspondingd it.It seems to me that the maxim, in this shape, would never make the tour of a world, where most of us are manifest easy? spoken people. He forgets that he is a reasoner, a component of a school, a disciple of the great Bentham, and that he infixedly talks in the scientific way of his school, with exact accuracy, philosophic propriety I am a mere solitary wanderer in search of the light, and I talk an artless, un? studied, every? day, familiar talking to. But, by and by all, this is the language of the mass of the world.The mass of Frenchmen who mat up up the force of that prescription of the reason which my reviewer, in his purified language, states thus to count by tens has the advantage of pickings as your unit the base of an * that is a proposition of which every one, from here to the Antipodes, feels the force at least, I should say so, if we did not live in a kingdom where it is not impossible that any morning we may find a letter in the Times declaring that a decimal coinage is an absurdity.That a whole nation should have been pene? trated with an enthusiasm for pure reason, and with an ardent zeal for making its prescriptions triumph, is a very * complete arranging of notation, certainly rendered this, for themselves, in some such loose language as mine. My point is that they felt the force of a prescription of the reason so strongly that they legislated in accordance with it. They may have been wrong in so doing they may have foolishly omitted to take other prescriptions of reason into musical score he non? English world does not seem to think so, but let that pass what I say is, that by legislating as they did they showed a keen susceptibility to purely rational, intellectual considerations. On the other hand, does my reviewer say that we keep our mone? tary agreement unchanged because our nation has grasped the intellec? tual proposition which he puts, in his masterly way, thus to count by twelves has the advantage of taking as your unit a number in itself far more convenient than ten for that purpose? Surely not but because our system is there, and we are too serviceable a people to trouble ourselves about its intellectual aspect. To take a second case. The French Revolutionists abolished the sale of offices, because they thought (my reviewer bequeath kindly lead me to put the thing in my im double-dyed(a), popular language) the sale of offices a gross anomalousness. We still sell com bunkions in the army. I have no doubt my reviewer, with his scientific powers, can easily invent some beautiful formula to make us appear to be doing this on the purest philosophic principles the rinciples of Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, Mr. Mill, Mr. Bain, and himself, their THE FUNCTION OF CRITICI SM AT THE PRESENT TIME 4 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME worthy disciple. But surely the plain unscientific account of the matter is, that we have the anomalous practise (he will allow it is, in itself, an anomalous practice? ) established, and that (in the words of senatorial wisdom already quoted) for a thing to be an anomaly we consider to be no objection to it whatever. emarkable thing, when we consider how little of mind, or anything so worthy and quickening as mind, comes into the motives which alone, in general, impel great masses of men. In spite of the extravagant concern given to this enthusiasm, in spite of the crimes and follies in which it lost itself, the French Revolution derives, from the force, truth, and universality of the ideas which it took for its law, and from the passion with which it could inspire a soldiers for these ideas, a unique and still living power it is, it will probably long remain, he greatest, the most animating event in histor y. And, as no sincere passion for the things of the mind, even though it turn out in many respects an unfortunate passion, is ever quite thrown away and quite barren of good, France has reaped from hers one fruit, the natural and legitimate fruit, though not precisely the grand fruit she expected she is the country in Europe where the people is most alive. But the mania for giving an immediate political and practical application to all these fine ideas of the reason was fatal.Here an Englishman is in his element on this theme we can all go on for hours. And all we are in the habit of saying on it has undoubtedly a great deal of truth. Ideas cannot be too much prized in and for themselves, cannot be too much lived with but to transport them abruptly into the world of politics and practice, violently to revolutionise this world to their bidding, that is quite another thing. There is the world of ideas and there is the world of practice the French are often for suppressing the one and the English the other but neither is to be suppressed.A member of the House of Commons said to me the other day That a thing is an anomaly, I consider to be no objection to it what? ever. I venture to think he was wrong that a thing is an anomaly is an objection to it, but absolutely and in the sphere of ideas it is not necessarily, under such and such circumstances, or at such and such a moment, an objection to it in the sphere of politics and practice. Joubert has said beautifully Cest la force et le droit qui reglent toutes choses dans le monde la force en attendant le droit. Force and right are the governors of this world force till right is ready.Force till right is ready and till right is ready, force, the existing order of things, is justified, is the legitimate ruler. But right is something moral, and implies inward recognition, free assent of the will we are not ready for right, right, so far as we are concerned, is not ready, until we have attained this sense of seeing i t and willing it. The way in which for us it may change and transform force, the existing order of things, and become, in its turn, the legitimate ruler of the world, will depend on the way in which, when our time comes, we see it and will it.Therefore for other people enamoured of their own newly discerned right, to attempt to impose it upon us as ours, and violently to substitute their right for our force, is an act of tyranny, and to be resisted. It sets at nought the second great half of our maxim, force till right is ready. This was the grand phantasm of the French Revolution, and its movement of ideas, by quitting the intellectual sphere and great dealing furiously into the political sphere, ran, in? eed, a prodigious and memorable cover, but developd no such intellectual fruit as the movement of ideas of the Renaissance, and created, in opposition to itself, what I may call an epoch of compactness. The great force of that epoch of concentration was England and the great voice of that epoch of concentration was Burke. It is the fashion to treat Burkes writings on the French Revolution as superannuated and conquered by the event as the eloquent but unphilosophical tirades of bigotry and prejudice.I will not discard that they are often disfigured by the violence and passion of the moment, and that in some directions Burkes view was bounded, and his reflection therefore at fault but on the whole, and for those who can make the needful corrections, what distinguishes these writings is their profound, permanent, fruitful, philosophical truth they contain the true philosophy of an epoch of concentration, dissipate the heavy atmosphere which its own record is apt to engender round it, and make its resistance rational instead of mechanical.But Burke is so great because, almost alone in England, he brings thought to bear upon politics, he saturates politics with thought it is his solidus that his ideas were at the service of an epoch of concentration, no t of an epoch of expansion it is his characteristic that he so lived by ideas, and had such a source of them welling up within him, that he could float even an epoch of con? centration and English Tory politics with them. It does not hurt him that Dr. Price and the Liberals were enraged with him it does not even hurt him that George the ternary THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 5THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME and the Tories were enchanted with him. His greatness is that he lived in a world which neither English Liberal? ism nor English Toryism is apt to enter the world of ideas, not the world of catchwords and party habits. So far is it from being really true of him that he to party gave up what was meant for mankind, that at the very end of his fierce shinny with the French Revolution, after all his invectives against its false pretensions, hollow? ess, and madness, with his sincere conviction of its mischievousness, he can stiff a memorandum on the be st means of combating it, some of the last pages he ever wrote, the Thoughts on French Affairs, in December, 1791, with these striking words The evil is stated, in my opinion, as it exists. The remedy must be where power, wisdom, and information, I hope, are more united with good intentions than they can be with me. I have do with this subject, I believe, for ever. It has given me many anxious moments for the last two years.If a great change is to be made in human affairs, the minds of men be fitted to it the general opinions and feelings will draw that way. Every fear, every hope will forward it and then they who persist in opposing this mighty current in human affairs, will appear rather to resist the decrees of Providence itself, than the mere designs of men. They will not be resolute and firm, but perverse and obstinate. That return of Burke upon himself has always seemed to me one of the finest things in English literature, or indeed, in any literature.That is what I call li ving by ideas when one side of a question has long had your earnest support, when all your feelings are engaged, when you hear all round you no language but one, when your party talks this language interchangeable a steam engine and can imagine no other, still to be able to think, still to be irresistibly carried, if so it be, by the current of thought to the opposite side of the question, and, like Balaam, to be unable to speak anything but what the Lord has put in your mouth.I know nothing more striking, and I must add that I know nothing more un? English. For the Englishman in general is like my friend the Member of Parliament, and believes, point? blank, that for a thing to be an anomaly is absolutely no objection to it whatever. He is like the Lord Auckland of Burkes day, who, in a memorandum on the French Revolution, talks of certain miscreants, assuming the name of philosophers, who have presumed themselves capable of establishing a new system of society. The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of abominate in his look, and thinkers miscreants, because ideas and thinkers have rashly meddled with politics and practice. This would be all very well if the dislike and neglect confined themselves to ideas transported out of their own sphere, and meddling rashly with practice but they are needfully extended to ideas as such, and to the whole life of intelligence practice is everything, a free spell of the mind is nothing.The notion of the free scam of the mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself, being an object of desire, being an essential provider of elements without which a nations spirit, whatever compensations it may have for them, must, in the long run, die of inanition, hardly enters into an Englishmans thoughts. It is it noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense, to mean, as a high and fine qualit y of mans nature, just this disinterested love of a free play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sake, t is noticeable, I say, that this word has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality it obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the trespass of any other considerations whatever.This is an instinct for which there is, I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature, and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of concentration which followed the French Revolution. THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 6 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME But epochs of concentration cannot we ll endure for ever epochs of expansion, in the overdue course of things, follow them.Such an epoch of expansion seems to be curtain raising in this country. In the first place all danger of a hostile forcible pressure of foreign ideas upon our practice has long disappeared like the traveler in the fable, therefore, we begin to wear our cloak a little more loosely. Then, with a long peace, the ideas of Europe steal gradually and amicably in, and mingle, though in infinitesimally small quantities at a time, with our own notions.Then, too, in spite of all that is said about the absorbing and brutalising influence of our passionate material establish, it seems to me indisputable that this progress is likely, though not certain, to lead in the end to an apparition of intellectual life and that man, after he has made himself perfectly comfortable and has now to determine what to do with himself next, may begin to remember that he has a mind, and that the mind may be made the source of great pleasure. I grant it is generally the privilege of trustingness, at present, to discern this end to our railways, our business, and our fortune? aking but we shall see if, here as elsewhere, faith is not in the end the true prophet. Our ease, our travelling, and our un? bounded liberty to hold just as hard and securely as we please to the practice to which our notions have given birth, all tend to beget an angle of inclination to deal a little more freely with these notions themselves, to canvass them a little, to penetrate a little into their real nature. Flutterings of curiosity, in the foreign sense of the word, appear amongst us, and it is in these that criticism must look to find its account.Criticism first a time of true creative activity, maybe, which, as I have said, must necessarily be preceded amongst us by a time of criticism, hereafter, when criticism has done its work. It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for i ts course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it, and to pro? duce fruit for the future, it ought to take. The rule may be summed up in one word, disinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness?By keeping aloof from practice by resolutely following the law of its own nature, which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects which it touches by steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those ulterior, political, practical con? siderations about ideas which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them, which by chance ought often to be attached to them, which in this country at any rate are certain to be attached to them quite sufficiently, but which criticism has really nothing to do with. Its busi? ess is, as I have said, simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas. Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty, with due ability but its business is to do no more, and to leave alone all questions of practical consequences and applications, questions which will never fail to have due prominence given to them. Else criticism, besides being really false to its own nature, merely continues in the old rut which it has whipherto followed in this country, and will certainly miss the chance now given to it.For what is at present the bane of criticism in this country? It is that practical considerations cling to it and stifle it it subserves interests not its own our organs of criticism are organs of men and parties having practical ends to serve, and with them those practical ends are the first thing and the play of mind the second so much play of mind as is compatible with the prosecution of those prac? tical ends is all that is wanted. An organ like the Revue des Deux Mondes, having for its main function to under? tand and utter the best that is known and thought in the world, existing, it may be said, as just an or gan for a free play of the mind, we have not but we have the Edinburgh Review, existing as an organ of the old Whigs, and for as much play of mind as may correspond its being that we have the Quarterly Review, existing as an organ of the Tories, and for as much play of mind as may suit its being that we have the British Quarterly Review, exist? ng as an organ of the political Dissenters, and for as much play of mind as may suit its being that we have the Times, existing as an organ of the common, satisfied, well? to? do Englishman, and for as much play of mind as may suit its being that. And so on through all the versatile fractions, political and religious, of our society every fraction has, as such, its organ of criticism, but the notion of combining all fractions in the common pleasure of a free disinterested play of mind meets with no favour.Directly this play of mind wants to have more scope, and to forget the pressure of practical considerations a little, it is checked, it i s made to feel the range we saw this the other day in the extinction, so much to be regretted, of the Home and Foreign Review perhaps in no organ of criticism in this country was there so much knowledge, so much play of mind but these could not save it the Dublin Review subordinates play of mind to the prac? tical business of English and Irish Catholicism, and lives. It must needs be that men should act in sects and par? ies, that each of these sects and parties should have its organ, and should make this organ subserve the interests of its action but it would be well, too, that there should be a criticism, not the minister of these interests, not their enemy, but absolutely and entirely THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 7 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME independent of them. No other criticism will ever attain any real office or make any real way towards its end, the creating a current of true and fresh ideas.It is because criticism has so little kept in the pure intellectual sphere, has so little detached itself from practice, has been so directly polemical and controver? sial, that it has so ill accomplished, in this country, its best spiritual work which is to keep man from a self? satisfaction which is retarding and vulgarising, to lead him towards nonpareil, by making his mind dwell upon what is excellent in itself, and the absolute beauty and fitness of things. A polemical practical criticism makes men blind even to the ideal imperfection of their prac? ice, makes them willingly assert its ideal perfection, in order the better to secure it against fight and clearly this is narrowing and baneful for them. If they were reassured on the practical side, speculative considera? tions of ideal perfection they might be brought to entertain, and their spiritual horizon would thus gra? dually widen. Adderley says to the Warwickshire farmers Talk of the improvement of variant Why, the race we ourselves represent, the men and women, th e old Anglo? Saxon race, are the best breed in the whole world. The absence of a too weakening climate, too un? clouded skies, and a too luxurious nature, has produced so vigorous a race of people, and has rendered us so superior to all the world. Mr. Roebuck says to the Sheffield cutlers I look around me and ask what is the state of England? Is not holding safe? Is not every man able to say what he likes? Can you not walkway from one end of England to the other in perfect security? I ask you whether, the world over or in past history, there is any? thing like it? Nothing. I pray that our matchless happiness may last. Now obviously there is a peril for poor human nature in words and thoughts of such exuberant self? satisfaction, until we find ourselves safe in the streets of the Celestial City. rock rabbit wenige verschwindet leicht deln Blicke Der vorwarts sieht, wie viel noch ubrig bleibt says Goethe the little that is done seems nothing when we look forward and see how much we have yet to do. clearly this is a better line of reflection for weak humanity, so long as it remains on this earthly field of labour and trial. But neither Mr. Adderley nor Mr. Roebuck are by nature inaccessible to considerations of this sort.They yet lose sight of them owing to the controversial life we all lead, and the practical form which all specu? lation takes with us. They have in view opponents whose aim is not ideal, but practical, and in their zeal to uphold their own practice against these innovators, they go so far as even to attribute to this practice an ideal perfection. Somebody has been wanting to introduce a six? pound franchise, or to abolish church? rates, or to collect rural statistics by force, or to diminish local self? government. How natural, in reply to such pro? osals, very likely improper or ill? timed, to go a little beyond the mark, and to say stoutly Such a race of people as we stand, so superior to all the world The old Anglo? Saxon race, the be st breed in the whole world I pray that our unrivalled happiness may last I ask you whether, the world over or in past history, there is anything like it And so long as criticism answers this dithyramb by insisting that the old Anglo? Saxon race would be still more superior to all others if it had no church? rates, or that our unrivalled happiness would last yet longer with a six? ound franchise, so long will the strain, The best breed in the whole world swell louder and louder, everything ideal and refining will be lost out of sight, and both the assailed and their critics will remain in a sphere, to say the truth, perfectly unvital, a sphere in which spiritual progression is impossible. But let criticism leave church? rates and the franchise alone, and in the most candid spirit, without a single lurking thought of practical innovation, confront with our dithyramb this paragraph on which I stumbled in a news? paper soon after reading Mr. Roebuck A THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 8 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME surprise child murder has just been committed at Nottingham. A girl named Wragg left the workhouse there on Saturday morning with her young illegitimate child. The child was soon afterwards found dead on Mapperly Hills, having been strangled. Wragg is in custody. Nothing but that but, in juxtaposition with the absolute eulogies of Mr. Adderley and Mr. Roebuck, how elo? quent, how suggestive are those few lines Our old Anglo? Saxon breed, the best in the whole world how much that is harsh and ill? favoured there is in this best Wragg If we are to talk of ideal perfection, of the best in the whole world, has anyone reflected what a touch of grossness in our race, what an original short? coming in the more delicate spiritual acquaintances, is shown by the natural growth amongst us of such hideous names, Higginbottom, Stiggins, Bugg In Ionia and Attica they were luckier in this respect than the best race in the world by the Ilissus there was no Wragg, poor thing And our unrivalled happiness hat an element of grimness, bareness, and hideousness mixes with it and blurs it the workhouse, the grim Map? perly Hills, how dismal those who have seen them will remember the gloom, the smoke, the cold, the strangled illegitimate child I ask you whether, the world over or in past history, there is anything like it? Perhaps not, one is addicted to answer but at any rate, in that case, the world is very much to be pitied. And the nett touch, short, bleak, and inhuman Wragg is in custody. The sex lost in the confusion of our unrivalled happiness or, hall I say? the superfluous Christian name lopped off by the straightforward vigour of our old Anglo? Saxon breed There is profit for the spirit in such contrasts as this criticism serves the cause of perfection by esta? blishing them. By eluding sterile conflict, by refusing to remain in the sphere where alone narrow and relative conceptions have any worth and v alidity, criticism may diminish its momentary importance, but still in this way has it a chance of gaining admittance for those wider and more perfect conceptions to which all its duty is really owed. Mr.Roebuck will have a poor opinion of an adversary who replies to his defiant songs of triumph only by murmuring under his breath, Wragg is in custody but in no other way will these songs of triumph be induced gradually to moderate themselves, to get rid of what in them is excessive and offensive, and to bowling pin into a softer and truer key. It will be said that it is a very subtle and indirect action which I am thus prescribing for criticism, and that by embracing in this manner the Indian virtue of detach? ment and abandoning the sphere of practical life, it condemns itself to a slow and obscure work.Slow and obscure it may be, but it is the only proper work of criticism. The mass of mankind will never have any ardent zeal for seeing things as they are very inadequate ideas wil l always satisfy them. On these inadequate ideas reposes, and must repose, the general practice of the world. That is as much as saying that whoever sets himself to see things as they are will find himself one of a very small mass but it is only by this small circle resolutely doing its own work that adequate ideas will ever get current at all.The rush and roar of practical life will always have a dizzying and attracting effect upon the most quiet spectator, and tend to draw him into its vortex most of all will this be the case where that life is so powerful as it is in England. But it is only by remaining collected, and refusing to lend himself to the point of view of the practical man, that the critic can do the practical man any service and it is only by the greatest sincerity in pursuing his own course, and by at last convincing even the practical man of his sincerity, that he can escape misunderstandings which perpetually threaten him.For the practical man is not apt for fine distinctions, and yet in these distinctions truth and the highest culture greatly find their account. But it is not easy to lead a practical man, unless you reassure him as to your prac? tical intentions you have no chance of leading him, to see that a thing which he has always been used to look at from one side only, which he greatly values, and which, looked at from that side, more than deserves, perhaps, all the prizing and admiring which he bestows upon it, hat this thing, looked at from another side, may appear much less beneficent and beautiful, and yet retain all its claims to our practical allegiance. Where shall we find lan? guage innocent enough, how shall we make the spotless purity of our intentions evident enough, to enable us to say to the political Englishman that the British Constitu? tion itself, which, seen from the practical side, looks such a magnificent organ of progress and virtue, seen from the speculative side, with its compromises, its love of facts, its m utual exclusiveness of scheme, its studied avoidance of clear thoughts, hat, seen from this side, our august Consti? tution sometimes looks, forgive me, shade of Lord Somers a huge machine for the manufacture of Philistines? How is Cobbett to say this and not be mis? understood, blackened as he is with the smoke of a life? long conflict in the field of political practice? how is Mr. Carlyle to say it and not be misunderstood, after his THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 9 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME furious raid into this field with his Latter? ay Pamphlets how is Mr. Ruskin, after his pugnacious political prudence? I say, the critic must keep out of the region of immediate practice in the political, social, do-gooder sphere, if he wants to make a beginning for that more free specu? lative treatment of things, which may perhaps one day make its benefits felt even in this sphere, but in a natural and consequently irresistible manner. Do what he will, however, the critic will still remain exposed to frequent misunderstandings, and nowhere so much as in this country.For here people are particu? larly indisposed even to travail that without this free disinterested treatment of things, truth and the highest culture are out of the question. So immersed are they in practical life, so accustomed to take all their notions from this life and its processes, that they are apt to think that truth and culture themselves can be reached by the processes of this life, and that it is an impertinent singularity to think of reaching them in any other. We are all terr? ilii, cries their eloquent advocate all Philistines together. Away with the notion of proceed? ing by any other course than the course dear to the Philistines let us have a social movement, let us organise and combine a party to pursue truth and new thought, let us call it the light party, and let us all stick to each other, and back each other up. Let us have no nonsense about in dependent criticism, and intellectual delicacy, and the few and the many dont let us trouble our? elves about foreign thought we shall invent the whole thing for ourselves as we go along if one of us speaks well, applaud him if one of us speaks ill, applaud him too we are all in the similar movement, we are all bighearteds, we are all in pursuit of truth. In this way the pursuit of truth becomes really a social, practical, pleasureable affair, almost requiring a chairman, a secretary, and advertisements with the excitement of an occasional(a) scandal, with a little resistance to give the happy sense of difficulty overcome but, in general, plenty of bustle and very little thought.To act is so easy, as Goethe says to think is so hard It is true that the critic has many temptations to go with the stream, to make one of the party of movement, one of these terr? filii it seems ungracious to refuse to be a terr? filius, when so many excellent people are but the critics duty is to refus e, or, if resistance is vain, at least to cry with Obermann Perissons en resistant. How serious a matter it is to try and resist, I had ample hazard of experiencing when I ventured some time ago to criticise the celebrated first volume of Bishop Colenso. The echoes of the storm which was then raised I still, from time to time, hear grumbling round me. That storm arose out of a misunderstanding almost inevitable. It is a result of no little culture to attain to a clear perception that science and organized faith are two wholly different things the multitude will for ever con? fuse them, but happily that is of no great real im? portance, for while the multitude imagines itself to live by its false science, it does really live by its true religion.Dr. Colenso, however, in his first volume did all he could to strengthen the confusion, and to make it dangerous. * So sincere is my dislike to all personal attack and controversy, that I pause from reprinting, at this distance of time fro m the occasion which called them forth, the essays in which I criticised the Bishop of Natals book I feel bound, however, after all that has passed, to make here a final declaration of my sincere impenitence for having published them.The Bishop of Natals sequent volumes are in great measure free from the crying fault of his first he has at length succeeded in more clearly separating, in his own thoughts, the idea of science from the idea of religion his mind appears to be opening as he goes along, and he may perhaps end by becoming a useful biblical critic, though never, I think, of the first order. Still, in here taking leave of him at the moment when he is pub? ishing, for popular use, a cheap edition of his work, I cannot forbear repeating yet once more, for his benefit and that of his readers, this sentence from my original remarks upon him There is truth of science and truth of religion truth of science does not become truth of religion till it is made religious. And I will ad d Let us have all the science there is from the men of science from the men of religion let us have religion. THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 10THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME It has been said I make it a crime against literary criticism * He did this with the best intentions, I freely admit, and with the most candid ignorance that this was the natural effect of what he was doing but, says Joubert, Igno? ance, which in matters of morals extenuates the crime, in itself, in intellectual matters, a crime of the first order. I criticised Bishop Colensos speculative confusion. Im? mediately there was a cry raised What is this? here a liberal fight a liberal. Do not you belong to the movement? are not you a friend of truth?Is not Bishop Colenso in pursuit of truth? then speak with proper respect of his book. Dr. Stanley is another friend of truth, and you speak with proper respect of his book why make these invidious differences? both books are excellent, adm irable, liberal Bishop Colensos perhaps the most so, because it is the boldest, and will have the best practical consequences for the liberal cause. Do you want to get along to the attack of a brother liberal his, and your, and our implacable enemies, the Church and State Review or the Record, the gritty Church rhinoceros and the Evangelical hy? na?Be silent, therefore or rather speak, speak as loud as ever you can, and go into ecstasies over the eighty and odd pigeons. But criticism cannot follow this coarse and indiscriminate method. It is unfortunately possible for a man in pur? suit of truth to write a book which reposes upon a false conception. Even the practical consequences of a book are to genuine criticism no re praiseation of it, if the book is, in the highest sense, blundering. I see that a *and the higher culture to attempt to inform the ignorant. Need I point out that the ignorant are not cognizant by being confirmed in a confusion? ady who herself, too, is in purs uit of truth, and who writes with great ability, but a little too much, perhaps, under the influence of the practical spirit of the English liberal movement, classes Bishop Colensos book and M. Renans together, in her survey of the religious state of Europe, as facts of the same order, works, both of them, of great importance great ability, power and skill Bishop Colensos, perhaps, the most powerful at least, Miss Cobbe gives special expression to her gratitude that to Bishop Colenso has been given the strength to grasp, and the courage to teach truths of such deep import. In the same way, more than one popular writer has compared him to Luther. Now it is just this kind of false estimate which the critical spirit is, it seems to me, bound to resist. It is really the strongest possible proof of the low ebb at which, in England, the critical spirit is, that while the critical hit in the religious literature of Germany is Dr. Strausss book, in that of France M. Renans book, the book of Bishop Colenso is the critical hit in the religious literature of England. Bishop Colensos book reposes on a total misconcep? ion of the essential elements of the religious problem, as that problem is now presented for solution. To cri? ticism, therefore, which seeks to have the best that is known and thought on this problem, it is, however well meant, of no importance whatever. M. Renans book attempts a new synthesis of the elements furnished to us by the four Gospels. It attempts, in my opinion, a synthesis, perhaps premature, perhaps impossible, cer? tainly not successful. Up to the present time, at any rate, we must acquiesce in Fleurys sentence on such recastings of the Gospel story Quiconque simagine la pouvoir mieux ecrire, ne lentend pas.M. Renan had himself passed by anticipation a like sentence on his own work, when he said If a new presentation of the character of messiah were offered to me, I would not have it its very clearness would be, in my opinion, the best proof of its insufficiency. His friends may with perfect justice rejoin that at the sight of the Holy Land, and of the actual scene of the Gospel? story, all the current of M. Renans thoughts may have naturally changed, and a new casting of that story irresistibly suggested itself to him and that this is just a case for applying Ciceros maxim Change of mind is not inconsistency emo doctus unquam mutationem consilii inconstantiam dixit esse. Nevertheless, for criticism, M. Renans first thought must still be the truer one, as long as his new casting so fails more fully to commend itself, more fully (to use Coleridges happy phrase about the Bible) to find us. Still M. Renans attempt is, for criticism, of the most real interest and importance, since, with all its difficulty, a fresh synthesis of the New Testament data, ot a making war on them, in Voltaires fashion, not a leaving them out of mind, in the worlds fashion, but the putting a new construction upon them, the taking them from under the old, adoptive, traditional, un? spiritual point of view and placing them under a new one, is the very essence of the religious problem, as now presented and only by efforts in this direction can it receive a solution. Again, in the same spirit in which she judges Bishop Colenso, Miss Cobbe, like so many earnest liberals of our THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 11THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME practical race, both here and in America, herself sets vigorously about a positive reconstruction of religion, about making a religion of the future out of hand, or at least setting about making it we must not rest, she and they are always thinking and saying, in negative criti? cism, we must be creative and constructive hence we have such works as her recent Religious Duty, and works still more considerable, perhaps, by others, which will be in everyones mind.These works often have much ability they often spring out of sincere convictions, and a sincere wish to do good and they sometimes, perhaps, do good. Their fault is (if I may be permitted to say so) one which they have in common with the British College of Health, in the New Road. Everyone knows the British College of Health it is that building with the lion and the statue of the Goddess Hygeia before it at least, I am sure about the lion, though I am not absolutely certain about the Goddess Hygeia. This building does credit, perhaps, to the resources of Dr.Morrison and his disciples but it falls a good deal short of ones idea of what a British College of Health ought to be. In England, where we hate public inter? ference and love various(prenominal) enterprise, we have a whole crop of places like the British College of Health the grand name without the grand thing. Unluckily, credit? able to individual enterprise as they are, they tend to impair our taste by making us forget what more grandiose, noble, or beautiful character properly belongs to a public intro. The same may be said of the religions of the future of Miss Cobbe and others.Creditable, like the British College of Health, to the resources of their authors, they yet tend to make us forget what more grandiose, noble, or beautiful character properly belongs to religious constructions. The historic religions, with all their faults, have had this it certainly belongs to the religious sentiment, when it truly flowers, to have this and we impoverish our spirit if we allow a religion of the future without it. What then is the duty of criticism here? To take the practical point of view, to applaud the liberal movement and all its works, its New Road religions of the future into the bargain, or their general utilitys sake? By no means but to be perpetually dis? satisfied with these works, while they perpetually fall short of a high and perfect ideal. For criticism, these are elementary laws but they never can be popular, and in this country they have been very little followed, and one meets with immense obst acles in following them. That is a reason for asseverate them again and again. Criticism must maintain its independence of the practical spirit and its aims. Even with well? meant efforts of the practical spirit it must express dissatisfaction, if in the sphere of the ideal they seem impoverishing and limiting.It must not accelerate on to the goal because of its practical importance. It must be patient, and know how to wait and flexible, and know how to attach itself to things and how to submit from them. It must be apt to study and praise elements that for the fulness of spiritual perfection are wanted, even though they belong to a power which in the prac? tical sphere may be maleficent. It must be apt to discern the spiritual shortcomings or illusions of powers that in the practical sphere may be beneficent. And this with? ut any notion of favouring or injuring, in the practical sphere, one power or the other without any notion of playing off, in this sphere, one power against the other. When one looks, for instance, at the English Divorce Court, an institution which perhaps has its practical conveniences, but which in the ideal sphere is so hideous* *A critic, already quoted, says that I have no right, on my own principles, to object to practical measures on theoretical grounds, and that only when a man has got a theory which will fully explain all the duties of the legislator on the matter of sexual union, will he have a right to abuse the Divorce Court. In short, he wants me to produce a plan for a new and improved Divorce Court, before I call the present one hideous. But God forbid that I should thus enter into competition with the Lord premier It is just this invasion of the practical sphere which is really against my principles the taking a practical measure into the world of ideas, and seeing how it looks there, is, on the other hand, just what I am recom? mending. It is because we have not been conversant(predicate) enough with ideas that our pra ctice now falls so short it is only by becoming more conversant with them that we shall make it better.Our present Divorce Court is not the result of any legislators meditations on the subject of marriage rich people had an anomalous privilege of getting divorced privileges are odious, and we said everybody should have the same chance. There was no meditation about THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME 12 THE FUNCTION OF CRITICISM AT THE PRESENT TIME marriage here that was just the mischief. If my practical critic will but himself accompany me, for a little while, into the despised world of ideas f, renouncing any attempt to musical composition hastily up, with a noble disdain for transcendentalists, our present Divorce law, he will but allow his mind to dwell a little, first on the Catholic idea of marriage, which exhibits marriage as indissoluble, and then upon that Protestant idea of marriage, which exhibits it as a union terminable by mutual consent, if he will meditate well on these, and afterwards on the thought of what married life, according to its idea, really is, of what family life really is, of what social life really is, and national life, and public morals, he will find, fter a while, I do assure him, the whole state of his* an institution which neither makes divorce impossible nor makes it decent, which allows a man to get rid of his wife, or a wife of her husband, but makes them drag one another first, for the public edification, through a mire of unutterable infamy, when one looks at this charming institution, I say, with its crowded benches, its theme? reports, and its money? compensations, this institution in which the gross unregenerate British Philis? tine has indeed stamped an image of himself, one may be permitted to find the marriage? heory of Catholicism refreshing and elevating. Or when Protestantism, in virtue of its supposed rational and intellectual origin, gives the law to criticism too magisterially, criticism may and must remind it that its pretensions, in this respect, are illusive and do it harm that the Reformation was a moral rather than an intellectual event that Luthers theory of grace no more exactly reflects the mind of the spirit than Bossuets philosophy of history reflects it and that there is no more antecedent probability of the Bishop of Durhams stock of ideas being agreeable to? erfect reason than of Pope Pius the Ninths. But criticism will not on that account forget the achievements of Protestantism in the practical and moral sphere nor that, even in the intellectual sphere, Protestantism, *spirit quite changed the Divorce Court will then seem to him, if he looks at it, strangely hideous and he will at the same time discover in himself, as the fruit of his inward discipline, lights and resources for making it better, of which now he does not dream.He must make haste, though, for the condition of his practical measure is getting awkward even the British Philistine begins to have qu alms as he looks at his offspring even his thrice? battered God of Palestine is beginning to roll its eyes convulsively. though in a blind and stumbling manner, carried for? ward the Renaissance, while Catholicism threw itself violently across its path. I lately heard a man of thought and energy contrasting the want of ardour and movement which he now found amongst young men in this country with what he re? nine-membered in his own youth, twenty years ago. What reformers we were then he exclaimed what a zeal we had how we canvassed every institution in Church and State, and were prepared to remodel them all on first principles He was inclined to regret, as a spiritual flagging, the lull which he saw. I am disposed rather to regard it as a pause in which the turn to a new mode of spiritual progress is being accomplished. Everything was long seen, by the young and ar