Avocado Leaf Plasticity free essay sample

INTRODUCTION: Phenotypic plasticity, or differing phenotypes from one genotype in different environmental conditions, is a way for sessile organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Valladares et al., 2007). Plasticity was expected to be abundant, however, it did not occur as often in nature due to resource limitations and environmental stress (Valladares et al., 2007). An experiment by Matos tested the phenotypic plasticity to light availability in shade and sun leaves of coffee trees (Matos et al., 2009). Their research indicated that compared [to] sun leaves, shade leaves had a lower stomatal density, a thinner palisade mesophyll, a higher specific leaf area, and improved light capture†¦ (Matos et al., 2009). The sun leaves were described as generally thicker with an enhanced quantity of palisade mesophyll (Matos et al., 2009). Our objective was the presence of phenotypic plasticity in avocado trees based on the differences in the morphology of shade and sun leaves. In our study, we asked whether there is a difference in surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color between shade leaves and sun leaves in avocado trees. We will write a custom essay sample on Avocado Leaf Plasticity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color between shade leaves and sun leaves. METHODS: We collected our seventy samples of avocado tree (Persea americana) leaves, in equal amounts of sun and shade leaves, at an avocado tree grove located north of Building 3 and University Drive at Cal Poly Pomona on Thursday, October 24, 2013 at 9:00 am. They were randomly and interspersedly collected throughout the grove. We split the grove into five areas, split into five teams of two, and was assigned to one of the five areas. Each team picked a number for the trees in their region and a random number was selected from a random number table to select a tree corresponding to that number. A random number table was used to pick the corresponding quadrant, branch, and leaf.  This process was done twice on each tree in the understory for shade leaves, and in the canopy for sun leaves. Each leaf was measured for its surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color. Surface area was measured by a leaf area meter in squared centimeters. Length-to-width ratio was measured by measuring the length (vertically along the bridge of the leaf) and the width (horizontally on the widest part of the leaf) with a ruler in centimeters, and dividing the length by the width. Mass was calculated by a balance in grams. Specific leaf mass (thickness) was measured by dividing the mass by its surface area in grams per squared centimeter. Color was measured by having three reference leaves provided by the instructor, indicating light (L), medium (M), and dark (D) leaves and compared our collected leaves. After recording all of the data, these data were then input into a statistical program called StatCat to determine normality through a normality test. The data for surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, and specific leaf mass for sun and shade leaves were both normal, therefore, we chose a paired sample t-test for all of them. A normality test was not needed for color for sun and shade leaves due to it being a nominal scale data. The number of light, medium, and dark shade leaves were tallied up according to color, and the same was done for the sun leaves. A contingency table was made in Excel, and used in StatCat to test our hypothesis. The paired sample t-tests were also done through StatCat, which then gave us the appropriate results to test our hypotheses. RESULTS: Shade leaves had a significantly larger surface area than sun leaves (t = -3.7313, P = 0.00069; Table 1). Shade leaves had a significantly larger length-to-width ratio than sun leaves (t = -2.7162, P = 0.01031). Shade leaves had no significant difference in mass than sun leaves (t = -1.4871, P = 0.1462). Shade leaves had a significantly smaller specific leaf mass than sun leaves (t = 5.82093, P = 1.5Ãâ€"10-6). Shade leaves were significantly darker than sun leaves (X2 = 18.417, P = 0.0001).

10 Colleges for Non-Straight-A Students

As the college application process starts, you often hear about the standard schools. Stanford, Harvard, and Yale usually run the show, with other elite schools following close behind. But let’s be honest - those schools are only a good fit for a handful of students. Where do you fall if you’re a good student with solid academics and test scores? Here are a few top schools for the non-straight A students:Emerson College (Boston, MA): Surrounded by historic downtown Boston, Emerson is largely known for its strong communications and arts programs. If you’re looking for a school with a long history of success within the liberal arts, Emerson is a good place to look. Average SAT: 1870 (2400) Average ACT: 28 Average GPA: 3.6 Acceptance Rate: 49% University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign (Champaign, IL): Accepting 62% of applicants in 2015, UIUC has over 1,000 student organizations and 17 different schools and colleges. Whether you’re looking to be an engineer (most popular major on campus) or are interested in other majors, Illinois has it all. Average SAT: 1320 (1600) Average ACT: 29 Average GPA: - Acceptance Rate: 62% University of Richmond (Richmond, VA): Though it’s a smaller suburban school, Richmond has a ton of life. Almost half of the students major in business, management, and marketing, some of the strongest majors at the school. Average SAT: 1975 (2400) Average ACT: 30 Average GPA: 3.6 Acceptance Rate: 31% Brandeis University (Waltham, MA): Brandeis is located less than 10 miles from downtown Boston, so it’s still close to all of the hustle and bustle. Though the nearly 4,000 students don’t gravitate towards one major in particular, Brandeis is a strong academic school. Average SAT: 1280 (1600) Average ACT: 29 Average GPA: - Acceptance Rate: 38% North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC): NC State is home to a very strong engineering school, with almost 25% of undergraduate students major in engineering. It is one of North Carolina’s public school systems, with Raleigh being the main campus. Average SAT: 1251 (1600) Average ACT: 29 Average GPA: 3.58 Acceptance Rate: 38% SUNY Binghamton (Binghamton, NY): This mid-size school is one of the best in the State University of New York network. Binghamton’s student body is quite diverse, with a majority studying the social sciences. Average SAT: 1300 (1600) Average ACT: 29 Average GPA: 3.45 Acceptance Rate: 44% UC Davis (Davis, CA): UC Davis is on the larger side, with just under 30,000 enrolled students. With a student body of that size, it’s no wonder that Davis offers almost 200 undergraduate and graduate majors and programs. If you’re looking for options, Davis is a great place to check out. Average SAT: 1290 (1600) Average ACT: 29 Average GPA: - Acceptance Rate: 38% Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ): Rutgers is a unique option, as the main campus in New Brunswick is actually split into five different mini-campuses. They all have their own personality, but function as one university. The New Jersey state university is most popular amongst humanities majors, though they offer all different majors and programs. Average SAT: 1280 (1600) Average ACT: 28 Average GPA: 3.8 (Weighted) Acceptance Rate: 38% University of Central Florida (Orlando, FL): UCF is the second largest university in the country, with over 50,000 students on campus. With a competitive athletic program and strong academics, UCF is a great option if you’re looking to head down south. Average SAT: 1261 (1600) Average ACT: 27 Average GPA: 4.0 (Weighted) Acceptance Rate: 50% Xavier University (Cincinnati, OH): From big to small, Xavier is one of the oldest Jesuit universities in the US. If you’re a fan of college basketball and are looking for strong liberal arts majors, Xavier is worth a look. Average SAT: 1130 (1600) Average ACT: 25 Average GPA: 3.55 Acceptance Rate: 72%

Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker

Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker An entertaining and theatrical speaker, John G. Diefenbaker was a Canadian populist who combined conservative politics with social justice issues. Of neither French nor English ancestry, Diefenbaker worked hard to include Canadians of other ethnic backgrounds. Diefenbaker gave western Canada a high profile, but Quebecers considered him unsympathetic. John Diefenbaker had mixed success on the international front. He championed international human rights, but his confused defense policy and economic nationalism caused tension with the United States. Birth and Death Born on Sept. 18, 1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to parents of German and Scottish descent, John George Diefenbaker moved with his family to Fort Carlton, Northwest Territories, in 1903 and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1910. He died on Aug. 16, 1979, in Ottawa, Ontario. Education Diefenbaker received a bachelors degree from the University of Saskatchewan in 1915 and a masters in political science and economics in 1916. After a brief enlistment in the army, Diefenbaker then returned to the University of Saskatchewan to study law, graduating with an LL.B. in 1919.   Professional Career After receiving his law degree, Diefenbaker set up a law practice in Wakaw, near Prince Albert. He worked as a defense attorney for 20 years. Among other accomplishments, he defended 18 men from the death penalty. Political Party andRidings (Electoral Districts) Diefenbaker was a member of the Progressive Conservative party. He served  Lake Centre from 1940 to 1953 and  Prince Albert from 1953 to 1979. Highlights as Prime Minister Diefenbaker was Canadas 13th prime minister, from 1957 to 1963. His term followed many years of Liberal Party control of the government. Among other accomplishments, Diefenbaker  appointed Canadas first female federal Cabinet minister, Ellen Fairclough, in 1957. He prioritized extending the definition of Canadian to include not only those of French and English ancestry.  Under his prime ministership, Canadas aboriginal peoples were allowed to vote federally for the first time, and the first native person was appointed to the Senate. He also found a market in China for prairie wheat, created the National Productivity Council in 1963, expanded old-age pensions, and introduced simultaneous translation in the House of Commons. Political Career of John Diefenbaker John Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party in 1936, but the party did not win any seats in the 1938 provincial election. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1940. Later,  Diefenbaker was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1956, and he served as leader of the Opposition from 1956 to 1957. In 1957, the Conservatives won a minority government in the 1957 general election, defeating Louis St. Laurent and the Liberals. Diefenbaker was sworn in as prime minister of Canada in 1957. In the 1958 general election, the Conservatives won a majority government. However, the Conservatives were back to a minority government in the 1962 general election. The Conservatives lost the 1963 election and Diefenbaker became leader of the opposition. Lester Pearson became prime minister. Diefenbaker was replaced as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada by Robert Stanfield in 1967. Diefenbaker remained a member of Parliament until three months before his death in 1979.

Statistical works and solutions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical works and solutions - Coursework Example The correlation coefficient for this graph is 0.903293.The data are positively correlated and is closer to 1 which is perfectly correlated. This means that both data will reduce or increase all together. Correlation Coefficient determines the association of two variables and varies between will vary from -1 to +1(Wigmore, 2013). In negatively correlated variables, variables changes in opposite direction, while in positively correlated variables, both variables increase and decrease in the same direction. From above HPI and GDP, Ecological Footprint and HDI are positively correlated while the rest are negatively correlated In conclusion, the outcome from the graphs, result generated from excel, namely mean, media and Correlation Coefficient are closely related. The characteristics of the data can also be obtained from the variables using more than one method, either graphically or by calculation which is generated from the excel. Lastly, it is recommended to use more than one method when doing data analysis in order to come up with true interpretation of the results. Pearson, K (1895) .Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. II. Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering

3 essay about Jay Greenberg, Philip Glass, and Tan Dun

3 about Jay Greenberg, Philip Glass, and Tan Dun - Essay Example I am talking about the likes of Mozart, and Mendelssohn, and Saent-Saens.† (Schorn, â€Å"Bluejay Spreads his Wings†). Greenberg felt attached to music since the earliest years of his life having started to play the cello at the age of three or two. Interestingly, Jay’s mother does not have any musical education and his father is a professor at Yale University teaching Slavic Languages. His next instrument was the piano and his first composition was created when he was just six. The subsequent year he started taking lessons from Anthony Johnson, and in three years Jay entered the Julliard School of Music having won a scholarship to study composition (â€Å"Jay Greenberg†). Having received considerable training in music theory, piano and ear training, Jay took classes at Yale University. He is known to currently study at Cambridge in the UK. Similarly to some other composers, Jay says he hears some music that is being performed inside his head. Moreover, he is able to hear a few pieces at once. He then notates the music he has just heard. This is how he writes his music. By the way, Jay composes his pieces with the help of the computer through the music notation program. The directions of his work include solo, chamber and orchestral music, with his unique talent being spotted by Sony Classical and IMG Artists which signed exclusive contracts with him. Jay’s music has been described as â€Å"accomplished† (Los Angeles Times), having â€Å"21st century tonality, excitement, and lyricism† (The Washington Post), having â€Å"verve of the rhythms and invention in harmonies† (The New York Times). His most important works include â€Å"Quintet for Strings†, â€Å"Symphony No. 5†, â€Å"Violin Concerto†, â€Å"Four Scenes†, â€Å"Concerto for Piano Trio and Orchestra† (â€Å"Jay Greenberg†). One of his latest works is a song called â€Å"I still keep mute† which was set to the Nabokov’s poem. Philip

Service Quality of Bank Essay Example for Free

Service Quality of Bank Essay Good and Bad banking service that I’ve ever experienced before†¦ It was really great to have banking service especially internet banking. It has a lot of advantage for me, for instance helping me out to pay my tuition fee, pay my bill, and buy a prepaid reload. Transfer money also getting easy as my parents from Indonesia send me money just thru ATM to ATM. Despite all of the good thing of the banking service. I’ve experience the worse one. If I’m not mistaken, on Thursday, August 23, 2007 around 15:46 pm, I make cash withdrawals at ATMs BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia or Indonesian Bank) branch Klampis Surabaya Rp1,000,000, but it was came out only Rp950. 000, though my bank account already count 1,000,000 as withdrawal. I report directly to the customer service BNI branch Klampis and asked to complete written reports. On Monday, August 27, 2007, when I have some savings on print book teller BNI, listed 50,000 refund on August 24, 2007. But, August 28, 2007 when I re-requested printed, 50,000 of money, it has taken / credited back. According to customer service BNI, it happened because it was considered there was no difference in the ATM transaction otherwise altered so successful and did not return my money. Although there were not many, but nevertheless I still impaired by ATM BNI. Previously, I have also experienced a similar ugly incident at the ATM BCA (Bank Central Asia) with a lack of money is greater. Around May 15, 2009, I withdraw cash at BCA ATM in Jakarta about Rp1,000,000 but in fact, money that comes out just Rp250,000 or less Rp750,000 whereas the contents of my bank account has been reduced Rp1. 000. 0000. I immediately make a report by phone to the BCA Access Center. Furthermore, I also suggested make repeated telephone and written report on the BCA branch, the exact location while I withdraw the money. However, after months of waiting, my money is eaten in BCA ATM did not come back, because by the Bank Central Asia, the transaction is considered successful. Given the frequent cases of money out of the ATM is not in accordance with the nominal transaction as my experience as well as many other customers that was published in various print media, its time ATM owned banks in the country to be examined or audited periodically by an independent body to customers not always the fault of the injured party machine, that what I suggest.

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Symbols and Symbolism :: Catcher Rye Essays

Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J. D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye", published in 1951, is his best piece of work. The story is about a sixteen-year old young man by the name of Holden Caulfield. Holden is being expelled from Pency Prep and decides to leave three days early. He chooses to not go home, enabling his parents to receive the letter that his head master at Pency Prep wrote to his parents about his expulsion. He chooses to hang around in New York until Wednesday, when he is going to be able to return home. Throughout the three days, Holden is having a difficult time finding out who he is. Throughout the novel, the reader is presented with many different symbols. The symbols are clearly seen by Holden's constant repetition of their importance. The symbols are so important and their symbolism is directly related to the major themes of the novel. Allie, Holden's young brother who died several years earlier, was a major symbol throughout the story. When Holden remembers incidents from his past involving Allie, his attitude changes, such as when he writes the composition about Allie's baseball glove or when Holden broke his hand after punching all of the windows after Allie died. "I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it". (39) He feels that Allie was one of the few people who were not phony in a world full of phonies. More importantly, Allie represents the innocence and childhood that Holden strives to find throughout his three-day journey. In Holden's opinion, Allie represents the purity that Holden looks for in the world. Holden admits that he admires Allie more than he admires Jesus, and even prays to Allie at one point, rather than Jesus. Allie is Holden's role model, whom he judges the rest of the world according to. When Allie dies, it creates turbu lence in Holden's life. At several points during the course of the novel, Holden asks as to what happens to the ducks who are normally on a pond in Central Park, when winter comes and the water freezes. On page 60, Holden asks, "You know those ducks in that lagoon right near Central Park South? That little lake? By any chance, do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?