How Lincoln Made His Personal Ideals Become a Reality

For most of his life, Abraham Lincoln abhorred slavery. He did not believe in the expansion of slavery, this coincided with his personal values, and the idea the forefathers held, that slavery would eventually end. However, he believed that the institution of slavery should be allowed where it already existed. In fact, during his early presidency he enforced pro-slavery laws to uphold what was already in the constitution. Though he was explicit in his plans to not interfere with slavery, southern states tried to secede in fear. The Civil war led Lincoln to adopt his personal views on slavery as a political maneuver to save the North in the war. Starting in 1854, however, after the Kansas Nebraska Act, Lincoln spoke against the expansion of slavery. He questioned why it was the black man who was enslaved and said that the free man is to be†[en]slave[d] to the first man [he] meet[s], with an intellect superior to [his] own†. Abraham Lincoln worried for the the nation growing apart because of slavery and the stubborn stance of slave states to wean themselves off of their peculiar institution, Lincoln predicted that there would be no, â€Å"peaceful extinction of slavery in prospect for us. Although Abraham Lincoln expressed his hatred of slavery, his personal views and his political views differed. He believed that slavery was a matter for the states and could not be impacted by any federal actions, because of the constitution. He spoke against the expansionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Of A Salesman And Millers And Williams Plays1102 Words   |  5 Pagesmodernistic agenda is to show what it takes to achieve the American Dream. Willy Loman fiercely believes that anyone attractive and well liked can be successful in life. â€Å" The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want.† (Miller, 33) Postmodernism is a reaction to the logic, simplification and objectiveness of modernism. It is an abandonment of convention and reevaluation of traditional institutionsRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow1643 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancially stable and secure life to provide their family with a steady foundation for when they reach adulthood. Throughout history, influential figures have preached about the importance of the American Dream for the people of America, but in reality the American Dream is merely fiction. For hundreds of years, minorities who arrive in America looking for a better life are waking up to the truth—the American Dream does not exist. While there are plenty of people who find success within AmericaRead MoreTheories on Personality Essay2785 Words   |  12 Pages 1,000- to 1,200-word paper comparing the personality theories of Freud, Jung, Rogers, and Maslow. Outline how each theorist contributed to the study of personality. Identify the features of each theory that differentiate them from the other personality theories. Personality Develops Gradually Can be influenced Can be reinforced Personalities develop over time and are complicated. They are influenced by many different things including the external environment, reinforcement and conditioningRead MoreAbraham Lincoln - Critical Analysis2619 Words   |  11 PagesAbraham Lincoln Prepared for : Leadership Skills - HOST 2006. Prof. Tracey Kalimeris Prepared by: Priyan Wijayarartna 100743970; Janshan Rasanayagam 100719742; Paramjit Lal 100709160 November 14, 2011 1 Why choose Abraham Lincoln? There are so many great leaders from our collective past and present, so choosing one to focus on as a Leader was not an easy task. We decided to let fate decide and took out a penny. Just before flipping the coin, Janshan noticed that it was an American Penny and wasntRead MoreDescription in Detail of the Humanistic Theories by Rogers and Maslow1517 Words   |  7 Pagesqualities that include creativity, freewill or freedom, potential and personal growth. People like Carl Rogers who have brought about person-centred theory and Abraham Maslow who has developed a hierarchy of needs, where he emphasized on self-actualization. There is an evaluation on both Rogers and Maslow theories, on how they are based on their own assumptions and views, and I apply Maslow’s theory of self-actualization into my own personal life. 2. Description in detail of the Humanistic theories by RogersRead MoreLincoln and the Abolitionists Essay5776 Words   |  24 PagesLINCOLN AND THE ABOLITIONISTS History records Abraham Lincoln as the Great Emancipator, yet ardent abolitionists of his day such as William Lloyd Garrison viewed him with deep suspicion. That the 16th president eventually achieved the abolitionists most cherished dream, says biographer Allen Guelzo, happened through a curious combination of political maneuvering, personal conviction, and commitment to constitutional principle. One of the ironies of the Civil War era and the end of slaveryRead MoreModern Society Is Far From Perfect, And Even Further From1618 Words   |  7 PagesModern society is far from perfect, and even further from fair. This reality is perhaps why the portrayal of utopian worlds has captivated audiences for decades. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which the concept of utopia has been portrayed on screen, notably within the genre of science fiction (SF). Prior to critically evaluating its links to film, we should start by defining utopia. Utopia is about how we would live and what kind of world we would live in if we could do just thatRead MoreIt Goes Largely Undiscussed That The Declaration Of Independence1309 Words   |  6 Pagesalterations between Jefferson’s draft and the declaration approved by Congress. Sidney Kaplan and Willliam Penack explore and possibly explain the academic clues of why the Declaration became finalized in such a manner, what significance the changes made in early and modern American history. Sidney Kaplan’s article focuses on an analyzation of the difference between Jefferson’s original and the congressional approved copy Declaration of Independence. Kaplan takes special interest in why Congress feltRead MoreEssay on The American Civil War was Unavoidable2135 Words   |  9 Pageslegislation of their own for the purpose of maintaining the status quo. According to Rourk, and his colleagues, â€Å"the Fugitive Slave Act proved to be the most explosive of the compromise measures† (Rourk, et. al., 2009, p.481). This was because Northerners viewed it as an attempt to expand slavery beyond the South and to compel their participation in maintaining slavery, even if it defied their religious or personal morals. While Southerners may have believed that the law was justified, as it dealt withRead MoreThe Long History Of Summer Camp1901 Words   |  8 Pagesmasculine character as well.† This applied specifically for boys, but camps for girls first appeared in 1902 with the opening of Camp Kehonka, in reflection of the changing attitudes with reference to the role of women in society. Sleepaway camps become a prominent institution in America in the 1900’s that influenced the youth of this country, and continues to do so over one hundred years later, as thousands of summer camps still run every summer, many of which are the same camps that sparked this

Evaluation Of A Project Manager - 793 Words

As a project manager I will often get calls from my vice president to do variance reports. Variance Reports is way that executives will watch their company’s performance by comparing one set of numbers to another. The two set of numbers they will be looking at are the set amount they want to spend and the actual amount that is being spent. These reports are used to analyze how close they’ve come to hitting forecasted sales targets. Also if we are meeting budgetary goals; when sitting at my desk writing this report there are three main topics I must address and they are trends, overspending and underspending(What are the factors to consider in creating a Variance Report in Management Reporter? 2016). For example if there employees salary are higher and there were lower supplies because of the flu going around or a several virus going around. The employee’s salary might be higher because they had to have over time due to be short staffed and we had to c all people in. We had no choice but to call in extra people and to get our doctors to stay in over time. While trying to get the flu and virus so that’s why we had to use so many antibiotics and different supplies used. Vice president would want a report written to explain what happen, and the interpretation of what happen. These three items are what the executive mainly is looking for. Most companies must look at the trends carefully now especially because it is hard economic times. If there is a constantShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Project Manager1329 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment-1 1) A project manager is the individual who has the general obligation regarding the fruitful start, arranging, outline, execution, checking, controlling and conclusion of a task. The occupation title is utilized as a part of development, petrochemical, building design, data innovation and various commercial ventures that deliver items and administrations. The project manager must have a mix of aptitudes including a capacity to ask infiltrating questions, distinguish implicit presumptionsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Project Manager Management1251 Words   |  6 Pagesfor windows and lighting provided a practical experience to the coursework in estimation. Master schedule, daily, weekly and monthly forecasts for a project was covered by scheduling and also the various processes that go into making the schedule more efficient like crashing were observed on site as well as from the perspective of a project manager. During the course of work, a proposal for standardizing the processes like m aterial management on site, preparing punch lists and work force managementRead MoreImplementation Of The Personnel Section1260 Words   |  6 Pages 6. Personnel The purpose of the personnel section is to ensure the project has sufficient and suitable staff with the right skills and experience to ensure successful project completion. Fig. 1: breakdown of personnel associated with the implementation process Manager 6.2 Personnel Requirements The following Table is a breakdown of the roles required to execute the implementation of the BioLiving © project. It includes the responsibility of the employees, skills required, number of staff requiredRead MoreEvaluation Plan For Project Development And Implementation1041 Words   |  5 PagesAn evaluation plan is one of the most critical elements of a project because it helps to measure the project’s success. In addition, the evaluation plan provides information that allows for adjustments/improvements during project development and implementation. According to Howlett, et. al., there are four types of evaluations (Benchmark Evaluation, Formative Evaluation, Summative Evaluation and Impact or Outcome Evaluation.) My organization has opted to utilize the Benchmark EvaluationRead MoreIt301 Unit 9 Project Kaplan989 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 9 Project Part 1: Vendor Evaluation BenchmarkVendor Evaluation Benchmark | | | Dell | HP | Acer | Toshiba | Asus | Evaluation Criteria | Weight | Raw score | Weighted Score | Raw score | Weighted Score | Raw score | Weighted Score | Raw score | Weighted Score | Raw score | Weighted Score | Product Quality | 4 | 5 | 20 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 16 | 5 | 20 | Product Capabilities | 5 | 4 | 20 | 3 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 5 | 25 | Business Experience | 3 | 5 | 15 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 6Read MoreThe Methods For Strategic Goal Creation And Evaluation771 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The methods for strategic goal creation and evaluation are very important for the business growth. The methods will help the organization to increase knowledge, productivity and market share. Also, the benefits of using the mentioned methods will improve innovation, the use of resources, risk management, and making the right decision which all needed in order to take the organization to the next level and keep the business stay ahead of the competition. The main issue is â€Å"what is theRead MoreSdlc And Change Management Policy. The Following Outlines1446 Words   |  6 PagesDEFINITIONS: †¢ CIO – Chief Information Officer †¢ SDLC - Systems Development Life Cycle †¢ VAR – Value Added Re-seller PROCEDURES: A. REQUESTS: Requests for all system development work, including break/fix, continuous improvements, data scripts, and projects will be documented in an approved Help Desk Management System. Each ticket in the Help Desk Management System will include: †¢ Initiator’s name and contact information; †¢ Date/Time of notification; †¢ Description of requested change and/or problem;Read MoreThe Cfo And Cio Are Required To Approve The Project Charter910 Words   |  4 PagesThe CFO and CIO are required to approve the project charter and project budget. Project manager is required to create the project plan and coordinate the project execution. Business analysts will create the scope management plan, requirements and business use cases. They are also involved in testing every component of the application as it gets developed including notifications and UI. Developers are required for UI and Process development. Business users will function as testers. Few of the developersRead MoreEssay on Project Life cycle1262 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Project management plays an important role in achieving a successful project as it manage the project according the schedule and budget. According to Schwalbe (2011), project life cycle defined as a collection of project phases, development, implementation and close-out. T here are five important steps in developing project life cycle namely defining project goal, planning project, executing project, closing project and lastly, evaluating the project (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix). Firstly, projectRead MoreRationale For Project Planning : Project Management1669 Words   |  7 Pages1. Rationale for Project Planning The purpose of project planning is to define major task and estimate resources and times necessary to provide an outline for management review and control. A successful project depends on thorough planning that is done before projects commence. There are several stages to planning a project the first is research as a project manager/Team a brief is usually given and the vital information about the project will be in the brief, so as a team it is important to read

Hummin... free essay sample

Xscape Hummin Hummin Comin at Cha is A+ material from the four female-member group, Xscape from Atlanta, founded by Jermaine Dupri (of Kris Kross). This debut album is one you must keep within arms reach. Xscape has sounds that are reminiscent of SWV but much different. Their look: T=tough. Their apparel includes items such as U.S. Navy overalls, combat boots, and dogtags. If you happen to see the album cover, you will see no smiles, just four serious tough-looking young women. And can they sing. The album is filled with a mixture of soft, serious ballads such as Understanding and the delightful a cappella Tonight, which proves their singing ability and how Shai would sound if they were women. The rest of the album is filled with catchy, upbeat dance tunes such as With You and Love on my Mind which explain their yearning for commitment, love, and affection. We will write a custom essay sample on Hummin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are two versions of their smash hit, Just Kickin It which both start and end the album. The beat of the remix is provided by the Staple Singers Lets Do It Again. Xscape definitely has potential to stand out in the ever-running list of female groups on the rise now, and in the future. . Review by L. M., Russell, MA

Law of contract free essay sample

This exercise is about offer and acceptance. John, a homeowner, answers the telephone and listens to a solicitor make a five- minute sales pitch for Weed Gardening Services. John responds, No, thank you, and hangs up. Two days later, John returns home from work to find a crew gardening in his yard and a bill for $200 sitting on the porch. When John tells the Weed representative that he never asked for this service, Weed responds by saying, It looks much better, doesnt it? You got the service, now pay for it. John agrees that the work was of good quality, but refuses to pay for it. He is later served with a summons to appear in magistrate court because of this dispute. How should the Judge rule? A. For Weed Gardening Services, because Weed performed good quality services for John. B. For John, because he did not accept Weeds offer. We will write a custom essay sample on Law of contract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yes, the correct answer is B. John never accepted Weeds offer. Without acceptance, no contract was formed. John does not have to pay for the yard work, regardless of quality. EXERCISE 2: This exercise is about offer and acceptance. Harry drops by Macks house and finds him working on his old pickup truck in the driveway. Mack kicks the truck and exclaims to Harry, This piece of Junk isnt worth a tank of gas you can have it. Harry says thanks and the next day comes by with his SUVto tow away the pickup. Mack stops him and says the truck is working now. Harry goes to court and claims that the truck Mack promised him was worth $500 and Mack should pay him that amount. How should the Judge rule? A. For Mack, because there was no consideration for the transaction. Yes, the correct answer is A. Mack offered the truck to Harry, and Harry indicated his acceptance by saying thanks and attempting to tow the truck away. But Harry did not provide any consideration in return for the truck. Without consideration, no contract was created. B. For Harry, because Mack promised him the pickup truck, and that created a contract. C. For Mack, because Harry never accepted his offer.

The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty

Introduction Terrorism is the most immediate and significant threat to international security and peace. By definition, terrorism refers to the use of extreme violence by non-state actors against civilians or society for political and ideological goals. Although terrorism is not a new phenomenon, it has become increasingly common in the last two decades where it has led to deaths of thousands of innocent civilians across the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the negative consequences that terrorists have posed to the society, the fight against the vice has become more difficult with time, especially in the light of the increasing support for the violent actions against civilians from extremist groups. Extremist groups use radicalization to amass support for their activities. This strategy has become a very c ommon and real problem, which has led to people being radicalized into violent extremism (RVE) . However, the force that drives groups and societies vulnerable to radicalization into violent extremism has been a major issue in the quest for finding a solution to this growing problem. Looking at many programs and projects that are aimed at reducing extremism and radicalization, the use of financial aids and other programs for alleviating the lives of people where extremism is common is a major theme. Such an approach is a clear indication of the prevailing perception of the relationship between poverty, disparity, and extremism. This paper investigates the successful rise of extremist groups and their link to poverty and disparity. The Consensus Relating to Extremist Groups and Extremism What causes extremism? What motivates people to join extremist groups? Such questions have been at the center of efforts that have been put towards curbing extremism and extremist groups in the quest for making the world a better and more peaceful place. The questions are indeed set for a good reason, especially with reference to the ongoing proliferation of extremist terrorist groups across the world. Since 2010, there has been a 53% rise in the number of terrorist groups and militias across the world. According to White and Halm (2002), the group’s main agenda is to attack civilians and government installations in an outright hatred for the current leadership or international actors such as the United States and its allies who have been accused of harassing or committing other crimes against the communities where these extremist groups exist . For instance, the Al-Qaeda group, which is one of the well-known extremist and terrorist groups, has a deep hatred for the United States, which it accuses of infringing on the rights of Muslims. According to the group, the US should be attacked and exposed to extreme violence.Advertising Looking for research paper on politic al sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The extremist groups claim that such actions are aimed at ensuring that they (the groups) can be left alone to establish their governance in the areas that they control. The actions are also meant to keep away the international actors such as the US from interfering.  In the last 10 years, the effects of extremist groups have been felt across the world, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region. Following the Arab Uprising in the Arab world, many governments have been destabilized to the extent of leading to serious problems and challenges in terms of delivering services to the members of the society . Without stability and strong governance from the central governments, it is difficult for the government to provide an environment where businesses can thrive. This situation leads to an increase in unemployment and poverty among other societal problems.  From the above ana lysis, extremism and terrorism have become a serious international security agenda. In the quest for reducing the effects and reach of terrorism, the US and other international players have dedicated billions of dollars to providing relief aid that is aimed at increasing education and the economic status of communities that are viewed as vulnerable to such extremist ideologies. The perceptions of these efforts by the US and its allies are that poverty and marginalization are key factors that make people, especially the youths, vulnerable to extremism. However, so far, little has been achieved. More extremist groups are sprouting or expanding to the level of coming up with new approaches to violence (White Halm, 2002). This situation is a cause for worry concerning the future of international security. The Link between Poverty and Extremism Poverty relates to the lack and inadequacy of material possessions to enable a decent livelihood for people. More than 1.2 billion people in the world live below the poverty line. They survive on less than a dollar while approximately half of the world’s population lives on less than 2 dollars a day . Poverty levels are increasing by the day. The situation has caused many communities, and most importantly youths, who are finding the effects of poverty unbearable, and hence the reason why they have opted for new ways of making a living. It is also important to note that violence and lawlessness are majorly found in impoverished nations and/or marginalized communities and hence the reason why poverty and its linkage to violence and lawlessness has been a subject of growing research. Researches have led to different outcomes and recommendations that relate to the main factors that make people vulnerable to extremism and terrorist ideologies.  A research by Tessler and Robbins (2007) scrutinizes the link between discrete financial features and support for violence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study confirms, â€Å"Neither personal nor societal economic circumstances are crucial factors that determine attitudes towards terrorism that is directed towards the United States and other nations† (Tessler Robbins, 2007, p. 323). Another research by Shafiq and Sinno (2010) used Pews Global Attitudes Survey (GATS) data from 2005. The study found that the relationship between income, education, and support for suicide bombing varies from one country to another and from one target to another. Another study by Chiozza (2011), which involved close to 15 Islamic countries, realized that the backing of Islamist radicalism was at the peak among the metropolitan underprivileged class. From these researches, it is important to conclude that low-income people or poor individuals are more likely to support violent extremist groups compare d to those who have a higher income. A good example is the support for Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan where it is evident that poverty has played a major role in amassing support from youths and local populations, which have been left in poverty with minimal access to government services and development. While support for terrorist groups and their violent activities may vary from one territory to another or a nation to another, such support is majorly determined by two characteristics, namely poverty and inequality. These two factors are all centered on the economic and political discrimination that has become unbearable in the marginalized communities. According to Tessler and Robbins (2007), economic discrimination against minority groups can reveal why such underprivileged communities often support domestic extremist groups . Such individuals or minority groups often support the extremist groups since the group’s ideologies resonate with the plight of those who are disappointed by domestic politics of economic marginalization. The ideologies also offer an attentive option of economic freedom or means of achieving various policy goals that they deem impossible to achieve unless the follow the approaches that the extremist groups suggest . In this case, even when an individual is not personally experiencing poverty (but he or she can witness it among other members of the society), he or she may end up being persuaded to support the extremist group’s ideologies of violence and terror to push for change . Indeed, this notion is an important explanation of why more youths, even from the rich countries, are leaving their affluent lives to take arms in support of terror activities, especially in Syria, through the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) or in Somalia through the Al-Shabaab terrorist group.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marginalization and Extremism For a very long time, many Islamic nations in the Middle East and North Africa have been ruled through dictatorship where people in key government activities have had very limited freedom of expression. Such leadership has allowed the growth of dissidence, especially from the educated class and the youths who feel that there is a need for a change in governance to give people more say concerning the way they are governed . The Arab Spring is an important indicator of the end of people’s tolerance for such leadership, which only benefits the elite while marginalizing and oppressing the majority of those who are led. Beginning in 2010 in Tunisia, the ‘Spring’ or what can been viewed as a revolution saw many civilians take into streets in protests, which were both violent and non-violent, requesting changes in leadership and governance in favor of democracy and democratic leadership . Countries such as Libya are characterized by prosper ity in terms of income and living standards. However, the lack of other benefits such as the freedom of expression and the right to partake in decisions relating to leadership was enough motivation for bringing civilians together to demand the ousting of the leadership of the day, which was seen as a great hindrance to what the society wanted. By the end of the movement, the Arab world has experienced enormous changes in leadership and democratic process, which although have been slow to take root, are a clear sign of what can motivate people into supporting extremist groups . A good example is Egypt. Despite the enactment of the preferred government led by Morsi, the country’s adoption of even more strict Sharia law, which was not in line with what the society expected, led to a new revolution and consequently the ousting of Morsi. It was evident that the society was willing to go to the greatest depths to support even the extreme groups as long as dictatorial and marginaliz ing leadership was the devil that was being fought. Another important example of the way marginalization or inequality is a major reason why groups support terrorism can be obtained from the case of Somalia’s extremist group, which has launched many and often-disastrous attacks on countries it deems enemy such as Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Since the African Union’s AMISOM forces, which have a majority membership from the Kenya Defense Forces, Ethiopia, and Uganda entered the lawless country of Somalia to flush out the terrorist group, there has been an increasing wave of radicalization and extremism across the region . Kenyan youths form the major culprit who has become an easy target for radicalization. The youths are being turned into enemies of their nations. Indeed, the Kenyan government has been grappling with the challenges that the Al-Shabaab outfit poses, especially in terms of the radicalization of the young people. The genesis of this problem can be traced to the marginalization of youths who are growing up and becoming adults without any meaningful means of earning a living .  In this case, even the youths may not believe in the ideologies that are posed by the terrorist groups. The opportunity of making a living with very attractive packages of salary makes it very easy to radicalize such youths .   What options do they have when the choice is between poverty and prosperity even if the cost of joining the terrorist group means taking up arms and killing innocent people? The case of Al-Shabaab and its radicalization of youths across East Africa can be witnessed in other regions of the world where terrorism is thriving. This situation can solely be pinned to poverty and marginalization. Discussion From the above review of studies, it is evident that the rise of extremist groups can be greatly attributed to many factors. However, poverty and disparity play the biggest role. For a long time, many governments in areas where terrorist groups thrive have ignored the plight of their people. They have focused on only the welfare of the elite while exposing many people to poverty and helplessness. This situation has led to resentment and great hatred towards those who are viewed as being the main cause of such societal problems. Firstly, poverty makes living difficult and almost impossible to bear. When the government is not doing enough to provide the people with opportunities for making a living, it slowly loses its authority of such people. Hence, they slowly opt to carry out all possible activities to make a living . When youths are growing up without an idea of what they can make of themselves, the situation leaves many questions on the people concerning the legitimacy of the government of the day if it cannot address the obvious challenges that the society is facing. The presence of poverty provides extremist groups the best launch pad for success in the activities and their reach in two main ways. The extremi st groups understand the problems the people are undergoing. Hence, they can easily convince them on who deserves to be the enemy, in this case, the government of the day or any other group such as international actors, including the US among others. When the enemy is identified, actions that are necessary for eliminating the enemy mostly include violence (Bjorgo Horgan, 2009; Shafiq Sinno, 2010). Such actions become very viable. For instance, providing security and a means of earning a living are major motivators for many militants who join the group. Many terrorist groups have financiers or financial activities that ensure that they can support their members with good lives and a means of earning a living. When presented with such an opportunity, many youths and people willingly join these groups by taking up arms to fight against the ‘enemy’ . Therefore, it is evident that poverty is closely linked to extremism and the proliferation of extremist groups across the w orld.  Secondly, marginalization and disparities between the rich and poor are a major cause of extremism. In many nations, the ruled or the population does not have a say on matters that greatly influence their welfare. This situation attracts a major disparity between the elite or the political class and the ordinary citizens. The government and other individuals who are close to power have access to the best lives possible while the ordinary citizens are left to grapple with all kinds of problems . Of great significance is the iron fist approach to leadership that some governments use with total disregard for democratic process that can allow those who are ruled to be part of the decision-making process on issues that they hold dear. At the end, the government implements unpopular decisions where any opposition is responded to with brutal force, which often violates all human rights that the citizens should enjoy. When the people are tired of such leadership styles, extremist g roups become the only way out of such marginalization and/or the only viable option towards equality . In this case, people are oppressed to become an easy target for radicalization since they easily resonate with the ideologies of the extremist groups, which promise to use all means possible to overthrow and organize a more representative government . Even though most of such ideologies and goals never become successful, they still reflect the motivation of the members of the extremist groups as far as their quest for equality is concerned. Conclusion As long as poverty and inequality dominate the society, it will be difficult for the world to rid itself of extremism and extremist groups. The ideologies of such groups are based on the desire to fight the ‘enemy’ who has caused poverty and marginalization. While researchers have given different opinions on the causal link between poverty, marginalization, and extremism, it is evident that cases of violence and lack of p eace are majorly found in areas where poverty and marginalization prevail.  However, the support for poverty and disparity as major causal factors can be explained since the two issues give extremist groups a good starting point towards convincing members of the target communities into embracing their ideologies. Once the government or other actors are portrayed as the enemy and the cause of the problems that members of the society face, taking up arms is just a part of the problem since extremism takes root. Concisely, to eliminate extremism and terrorism, it is important for world governments and other players to find a way of ensuring inclusivity and equality for all people. Eliminating poverty must be a major goal for all governments. It is only after the achievement of prosperity for all people that the world will stand a chance to be at peace without extremist groups. Reference List Aftab, S. (2008). Poverty and Militancy. Conflict and Peace Studies, 1(10), 65-86. Bjorgo, T. , Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. New York, NY: Routledge. Chiozza, G. (2011). Winning Hearts and Minds: The Political Sociology of Popular Support for Suicide Bombings. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. Jones, G. (2014). A Persistent Threat: The Evolution of Al Qa’ida and Other Salafi Jihadists. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation. Piazza, J. (2011). Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 48(3), 339-353. Shafiq, M., Sinno, A. (2010). Education, Income and Support for Suicide Bombing; Evidence from Six Muslim Countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(1), 146-178. Tessler, M., Robbins, M. (2007). What Leads Some Ordinary Men and Women to Approve of Terrorist Acts Against the United States? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), 305-328. White, J., Halm, S. (2002). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty was written and submitted by user Alexzander W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lord of the flies - Role of Gender Essays - Gender, Sex, Free Essays

Lord of the flies - Role of Gender Essays - Gender, Sex, Free Essays Lord of the flies - Role of Gender What was it that caused the aggression and dominance exhibited by the boys of Lord of the Flies? Was it some metaphysical, spiritual force, or perhaps their genetic makeup? Could it have been the influence of their peers or families, or was it the media that inspired this dangerous pattern? Conceivably, their gender had something to do with this appalling trait. It all begs the question, would the same experiences have occurred had females been stranded on the island instead of males? Had females been in a similar situation as the boys in Lord of the Flies, they would have fared abundantly better. Initially, this paper will address society's role in encouraging males' violent behavior, as well as females' politeness and passivity. Secondly, it will be discussed how family socialization influences females' gentle natures and males' aggressive temperaments. Finally, this research will explore both gender's leadership styles, and scientific perception behind these differences. Much of what society dictates can affect children's perceptions of the ideal gender standards, and can lead to abuse and violence. Media has a huge role in perpetuating these dangerous gender stereotypes. Numerous male images are used in advertising and television, representing themes such as "heroic masculinity" and "might is right". These portrayals of violent behavior associated with masculinity target young men and convince them that in order to live up to society's standards, they must resort to aggressive and dominant behavior, the use of assertion, and physical violence. Males are saturated with images of glorified aggression through movies such as Lethal Weapon, sports programs, and "macho" celebrities, like Bruce Willis and Arnold Shwartzenager. Female stereotypes span the opposite extreme. Innumerable young women perceive "ladylike" expectations to be neatness, passivity, politeness, and struggle to meet them, hence they appear nurturing and feminine. Women in the media who challenge these stereotypical behaviors and display assertiveness tend to be slotted into the role of "tomboy" or "dyke". These impositions contribute to the breeding of young men who act in an abusive manner, and are terribly restricting towards boys who covet deep emotion. The antagonist of Lord of the Flies, Jack Merridew, perceives himself to be higher than the others, on the basis of being the choral leader. Jack's hierarchical views cause him to verbally abuse, psychologically torture, and eventually wound and kill other children. With the influences of society's stereotyping, girls would generally more nurturing and caring towards group members. A lot of males' violent behavior and females' complaisance can be accredited to family and institutional socialization. Parents usually raise boys on aggressive sports, such as hockey and football, which encourage violence. Girls, however, are generally brought up on "feminine" activities, dance and figure skating to name a few, which promote a gentle, polite nature. It is the rare parent that heeds their four-year-old son's aspiration to be a ballet dancer by purchasing the child a pair of tights and a leotard. When a boy shows more interest in dolls than in trucks, his family may be distressed, and provoke him to reveal his "masculine" side. After striving for egalitarianism between the sexes for so many years, families still deter young girls from pursuits of hockey stardom, hoping to interest them in Pointe shoes. Displays of emotion by boys are often criticized for being "unmasculine", whereas emotional behavior in girls tends to be expected and accepted. As a result, boys tend to not only hide their feelings, but criticize friends for showing their emotions. Girls, on the other hand, encourage one another to express feelings and console one another naturally. Research shows that boys and girls have different means of reaching decisions and achieving organization. Males, on whole, like to dominate a situation, whereas females would rather resort to consensus and unanimity. Collegiality and cooperation are fundamental female traits, while the need for dominance and individual power goes hand in hand with masculinity. This male yearning is rooted before birth, when the developing nervous system is immersed in testosterone (the predominant male hormone). This pre-natal process is responsible for the maturation of the areas of the brain that arbitrate between the male hormones and their dominant behavior. Steven Goldberg, the chairman of the Department of

The state of Human Rights in Arab countries Research Paper

The state of Human Rights in Arab countries - Research Paper Example such, their political systems and the means by which existing law impacts upon the way in which issues such as human rights are understood oftentimes have not had time to evolve; at least in the way that other political systems throughout the world have been able to define themselves with respect to the interpretation and understanding of human rights. Essentially, these more recent developments and relatively new and â€Å"young† political systems within the Arab world have effectively created a situation in which many of the Arab states have been reticent to adopt or otherwise engage with widely established norms or agreements concerning the application and provision of broader human rights.1 Thus, the overall level of ratification that many of these states have engaged with is abysmally low as compared to other regions around the globe. Interestingly, recognizing this deficit, there have been several futile attempts by certain Arab states to adopt an Arab charter of human r ights; one that would leverage a fundamentally different and cultural interpretation of human rights based on a shared identity, religion, and culture that is more or less uniform throughout these Arab states. In terms of a case in point analysis, it should readily be noted that in almost all Arab states there exist â€Å"laws of suspicion† and/or â€Å"preventative measures† that significantly stipulate that certain actions must be taken against individuals as a means of preventing the â€Å"potential† for the commission of certain crimes. Naturally, this free criminal behaviour interpretation of the means by which the law should be enforced is substantially different from the way in which many other societies throughout the world seek to punish crime and seek to improve society as a whole. Interestingly, beyond merely contradicting the norms and mores of many nations with respect to human rights, these regulations, evident in nearly each and every predominantly Arab nation, are also often

Kingston Charcoal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Kingston Charcoal - Research Paper Example However, there is a concern in production regarding the adequacy of Kingsford's existing capacity. Grilling has been described as a passion and a way to party of common Americans during celebrations and occasions, the Clorox Company, founded in 1913, decided to acquire Kingsford Charcoal as one of its products in 1973. Kingsford Charcoal is the one of the 50 products and the largest product group that Clorox Company markets around the world to consumers. It represented around 9 percent of Clorox's revenues in the year 2000. In addition to this, in the charcoal grilling business, Kingsford is the leading in sales, constantly getting more than 50 percent of the market share from 1997 to 2000. This is as opposed to Royal Oak's 14.2 percent share in 1997, which then gradually declined to 6.4 in the year 2000, and the constant range of 33 to 34 percent of market share of private label. Charcoal briquettes are manufactured from wood, minerals, limestone, starch, borax, sodium nitrate, and sawdust in a two-part procedure. These charcoal briquettes were packaged in its present condition in blue bags and sold as Kingsford Charcoal as either "regular" or "blue bag." In addition, other briquettes are treated with Kingsford lighter fluid and sold as Kingsford Match Light in red bags, packaged as either "instant" or "red bag." Both types of briquettes were available in three sizes: 10 lbs., 20, lbs., and 48 lbs. for the regular or blue bags; and 8 lbs., 15 lbs., and 30 lbs. for the instant or red bags. Kingsford Charcoal briquettes Size and Pricing Regular or Blue Bags Instant or Red Bags 10 lbs. $4.25 8 lbs. $5.20 20 lbs. $6.78 15 lbs. $8.07 48 lbs. (2 x 24 lb. bags) Not available 30 lbs. (2 x 15 lb. bags) Not available Table 1. Various packaging sizes with prices of both types of Kingsford Charcoal briquettes. The largest sizes were usually just available in club stores like Costco amd Sam's Club. However, food stores and supermarkets, merchandisers, and drug stores, and Wal-mart, carried a variety of the other smaller sizes. The prices given varied by type and size, and it has been found that the main competitors of Kingsford, Royal Oak and private label brands, were cheaper than Kingsford by 25 to 30 percent. Key Success Drivers The business of Kingsford Charcoal was seasonal, with its peak of 60 percent between the period of May 1 and September 1, which covers the holidays Memorial Day and 4th of July. These two holidays represent about 35 percent of Kingsford's annual sales. Aside from the holidays, another factor that Kingsford sales are dependent on is the weather. When the weather is good, the tendency for sonsumers is to think that it would be a great time to barbecue. In this essence, a big part of the sales are from impulsive purchases. Factors to Consider Pricing The team of Smith Boyle and Warren found that there was a narrowing price gap because of

Dominos Pizza in Mexico Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dominos Pizza in Mexico - Case Study Example One thing that has been common in all the above mentioned companies is that all have been very successful in capturing their audiences. Their success story hasn't only revolved around the advertising for their company but a complete team effort, hard work, determination; the will to become the leading fast food chain in the world has made them reach the zenith. If we start to compare Domino's with their opposite number, McDonalds, we will come to know that their respective road to success has been full of challenges and somewhat quite similar too. First and for most, the two companies came into existence when no such food company existed. They had to start from scratch and had to make the people feel the importance of their brand and for that the most crucial and important part was team building.( Tom Monaghan,1986) They had to search for people who were determined, fresh and eager to learn in collaboration with their respective companies. Secondly, once established the two companies had to maintain that vibe and hunger ness for the people to buy their product by launching new food items that would surround and match the eating brain of a human being. They had to keep the quality of the food as their first priority in order to attract the customers. (David A Hanks, 1989) Moreover, both Domino's and McDonald’s had to change their advertising setup when launching them selves internationally. They had to grab the local market and the local people with their innovative strategies. They also took under control the prices of their products in accordance to the economy of that country and in accordance of an average person's reach. All and all, Domino's and McDonald's are quite similar in nature excluding their distinct and unique products and because of the adaptability in all cultures; Domino's has been able to stamp their authority in the global market throughout the world. 2. Domino's rely on the work hard, play hard culture where they set themselves tasks and standards and then work collectively to succeed in those tasks. (Tom Monaghan, 1998) They do not compromise on the quality of the food and in the appearance of their company. That is why, where ever they go, in which ever country they enter, they keep their tag line, their presentation, their rules and regulations and the quality of food at the top. For them, a customer’s satisfaction is their satisfaction. (Georgia Brazil, 1986) One important thing that Domino's has followed throughout the years is that they have kept the interface of their outlets identical. This has helped them in reaching far off areas where the people used to recognize Do mino's not by their name, rather by the companies’ logo, ‘The Domino's logo’. Another area that Domino's has clicked is by hiring those people as employees who could work in their corporate sectors. (John A Jakle, 1999) Such people are aware of the local food standards and know what the customers require. In this way they can help the higher officials in the company to make them understand the psychic of the food of the local residents of that area. Another aspect that Domino's has taken into account is that in order to nullify any problems in their administration, Domino's regularly takes their managers working across the globe to stores for training. (James Mac Nair, 1987) There they are given lectures on how to run a franchise and what is

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer. JOURNAL: Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 2–13 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY This paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of reactive polyester. In this synthesis lipase used as natural catalyst. The synthesis of reactive polyester was done by ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) reaction with dehydration. Cyclic anhydride and diol were used. Itaconic anhydride (IAn) is renewable biomass material so it was ideal monomer for synthesis of reactive polyester. IAn is five membered cyclic anhydride. ROACP did not possible between IAn and diol so the monomer succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride (GAn) were used with IAn and diol. The diol used were 1, 4-butanediol (BD), 1, 6-hexanediol (HD), 1, 8-octanediol (OD) and 1, 10-decanediol (DD). ROACP reaction of IAn with the diols in the ratios of IAn: diol with lipase as a catalyst in presence of molecular sieves were studied at 25 ºC in toluene for 120h. From the GPC analysis it is observed that all the reaction remained inhomogenous during the reaction and gave only low-molecular weight product with Mn between 150 and 390. The NMR result show that starting IAn completely consumed in ring opening reaction so IAn alone does not show RCACP so the addition of other component or changing reaction condition necessary. For these regioselectivity and substrate selectivity examination of IAn done by using model reaction of IAn and n-octyl alcohol. For regioselectivity observation ROA reaction was performed with Novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 ºC with stirring. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value without lipase was 90% and with lipase catalysis was 49%. It was because the ÃŽ ²-carbonyl group is sterically more favourable than ÃŽ ±-carbonyl group group adjacent to the vinylidene group so it confirmed that reaction catalysed by lipase. In ROACP reaction first ring opening addition (ROA) reaction between cyclic anhydride and diol and after that dehydration condensation reaction between alcohol group and carboxylic acid group occur. Out of four d iol OD gives good result in terms of yield, molecular weight and number of unit per molecule. ROACP using IAn, SAn or GAn and diol produced polyester in good yield. From the SAn polyester with Mn value of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 units per molecule were obtained and from GAn these value were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1 respectively. The polymer synthesized have application as macromonomer, telechelic or crosslinking reagent. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY The review of this manuscript and presentation of perspectives has been conducted based on an extensive survey of the manuscripts describing similar or related research. Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic acid) grafts (Okuda et.al, 2012) Biobased material are environmental friendly so these material now a days used mostly for synthesis organic compound. Current paper used itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic acid (LA) as a renewable starting material for synthesis of biobased polymeric material of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer. Synthesis of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was done by two way; ring-opening polymerization of lactide with a variety of metal or nonmetal catalysts and direct polycondensation of lactic acid (LA) with acid catalysts. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer were synthesized by two way macromonomer approach and copolymer approach. First the using IAn the methacryloyl-type polymerizable PLA macromonomer (IAn-PLA Macro) were formed and then its copolymerization with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give graft copolymer with molecular weight Mn up to 1.61Ãâ€"105and biomass content more than 34wt%. When copolymer appr oached employing IAn as comonomer for radical polymerization with BMA used then IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn 5.76Ãâ€"104 obtained. These two approaches are used for synthesis of PLA-graft copolymer as â€Å"biomass plastic† having various application. 2).Enzymatic Polymerization: A New Method of Polymer Synthesis (kobayashi 1999) Enzymatic polymerization refers to polymerization using an isolated enzyme outside the biological system through non-biosynthetic pathways. The present article gives idea about development of enzymatic polymerization technique. Hydrolases and oxidoreductase types of enzyme were used for polymerization. By using these enzymatic polymerization method various material synthesized including polysaccharide like chitin, cellulose, xylan and amylose and un-natural polysaccharide by glycosidase through various monomer. Oxidoreductase initiated vinyl polymerization. The polymerizability was depend on ring size, opposing to chemical catalysis where ring strain is operative. Enzymatic polymerization has advantages of high selectivity, ability to operate under mild condition, catalyst recyclability, and biocompatibility. 3. Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. (Suda et al., 1999) Lipase is natural catalyst used for synthesis of polyester .In the present paper aliphatic polyester was synthesized by dehydration polycondensation in water by using lipase as catalyst. Polymerization was carried out at 45 °C for 24 h .size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for molecular weight determination. Methanol was used for isolation by reprecipitation. Effect of reaction parameter and the lipase origin on the molecular weight and the polymer yield have been systematically measured in the combination of sebacic acid and 1,8-octanediol. When the experiment was carried without the lipase (control experiment) then the polymerization did not occur indicating that polymerization takes place due to lipase as catalyst. The effect of temperature, solvent and amount of enzyme and monomer were systematically measured. When enzyme concentration increased it was observed that the yield was increased. It was seen that monomer amount also affected polymerization behaviour .The poly merization behaviour depended on chain length of the monomer in the polymerization of a co-dicaboxylic acid and glycol. NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used for terminal structure analysis. 4 .Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles (Taden et al., 2003) Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles synthesized from the direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemulsion consisting of lactone nanodroplets. For polymerization of lactone lipase as catalyst was very efficient. Lipases were ampiphilic molecule and they adsorb onto the hydro-phobic lactone nanodroplets. Ultrasonication was used for the miniemulsification until reaching equilibrium and measure by turbidity measurement. When DSC measurements was done it was observed that the dynamic crystallization point of the synthesized polyester were shifted much down that crystallization inside the droplets was supressed when polymerization condition applied. The melting point of dried polymer was determined by DSC method. Non-spherical aggregate was formed when crystallization carried out at low temperature. The pH of the minemulsion shifted to 5-6 after polymerization from 7. 5. Green Polymer Chemistry Using Nature’s Catalysts, Enzymes (Pukas et.al, 2009) Enzyme are the natural catalyst. The use of enzyme as a catalyst increases as substitute to chemical catalysis method of organic synthesis. The advantage of enzyme were ability to operate under mild condition, high selectivity, biocompatibility and recyclability. The polymer synthesis was done by enzyme and the most common example are polycondensation, oxidative polymerisation and ring opening polymerization. The use of enzyme as a catalyst in polymer science is important methodology for the synthesis of novel polymeric structure, which are impossible or difficult to prepare. 3. CRITICAL REVIEW 3.1 ORIGINALITY The present paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer. For reducing carbon dioxide emission polymeric material was produced from biobased renewable material. Thus poly-lactic acid has been produced using biobased renewable material. Work on the ring opening polymerization using enzyme catalyst was already done. The work on the lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxlyic acid was first done in 1993 for the ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) involving dehydration already carried out. The work on the â€Å"dehydration in water† using lipase catalysed polymerization to formed polyester in water was also done. From the extension of an all these studies the current paper include lipase catalysed synthesis reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride (IAn), succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride as starting monomer with for diol. Even though the c oncept was not new but the work done was novel. The author done the work with using new monomer IAn and four diol. ROACP between two monomer itaconic anhydride and diol was not possible so the author added one extra polymer so that reaction completed. Author carried out model reaction for getting information about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of itaconic anhydride using n-octyl alcohol. 3.2 TECHNICAL CORRECTNESS Technically, this paper is almost correct. All the obtained results have been represented through lucid graphs. DATA REPRESENTATION All the employed methods have been well-described by the authors. This enabled easy and correct interpretation of some of the related plots and enabled the understanding of the associated concepts. The spectra included in the manuscript clearly represent the results obtained via various experiments and the theoretical discussion supports the results represented in these spectra; which enabled better understanding of the experiments and the concepts. FLOW OF EXPERIMENT The flow of the experiments conducted is logical. In the initial part of this paper, the scientists have given a brief introduction about biobased renewable material. The authors used some references to state the method for poly lactide synthesis using two method ring opening polymerization of lactide and direct polycondensation of lactic. Lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxylic acid anhydride involving dehydration. The reference also included the â€Å"dehydration in water† and have conducted green polymer chemistry. To the extension of these work done current paper utilised the itaconic anhydride as a starting biobased monomer to produce a poly (lactic acid) macromonomer. The strategy of synthesis of biobased reactive polyester from itaconic anhydride was like that itaconic anhydride does not react with diol alone so it is necessary that the monomer added so that the reaction was completed therefore succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride was used in combination. During the synthesis all reaction were remained inhomogenous and gave only low molecular weight product with Mn values between 150 and 390 as determined by GPC analysis. The H ¹ NMR studies show that the itaconic anhydride was completely consumed during ring opening reaction. In addition to these EIS-TOF MS analysis show that reaction of itaconic anhydride with diol reaction gives mixture of 1:1 and 2:1 adduct of IAn: diol. From these it was conclude that in addition to main ROA reaction small extent of condensation and dehydration occurred. After these study the author pointed out why the itaconic anhydride alone does not initialised expected ring opening addition condensation polymerization reaction. The reason behind these was that itaconic anhydride is less reactive than succinic anhydride in dehydration step. The author gives the information from result that ROACP involves two different types of reaction a ROA between diol and cyclic anhydride and dehydration condensation between carboxylic acid group and alcohol group. Author carried out model reaction before the study of the ROACP reaction to obtain valuable information about the product polyester structure and fundamental aspects of itaconic anhydride. The model reaction carried out using n-octanol instead of a diol. The regioselectivity information obtained from reaction carried out with novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25 °C. The author interpreted from result that was obtained from H ¹ NMR. The ÃŽ ²-selectivity value with lipase catalysis was 49% and without lipase catalysis was 90% and thus demonstrate that reaction was governed by lipase catalysis. Author also focus on the substrate selectivity in the reactant in order to prepare reactive polyester. The result from H ¹ NMR studies show that after 3h the IAn and SAn were 13% and 27% consumed respectively and without lipase catalyst these reaction did not occur. Author carried ROACP reaction under different condition using IAn, SAn and diol. IAn: SAn: diol were 2.5:2.5:5.0 and 1.4.0:5.0 taken for synthesis of polyester. When reaction carried out in without novoenzyme 435 no product was formed which insoluble in n-hexane. When the reaction carried out with the lipase but without the molecular sieve, reaction system becomes homogenous to synthesized polymeric product with low Mn .When the molecular sieve were added ROACP was increased and gave the polyester with higher Mn values. Out four diol 1,8-octanediol was the most favourable diol in terms of molecular weight , yield and number of units per molecule. Then paper ended with a detailed discussion on various parameters studied and results observed, which was followed by an appropriate conclusion. 3.3 CLARITY In this paper, the authors have lucidly explained the background of the topic, which gives a clear dogma of the researched topic. Explanation of some concepts enables better understanding of the experiments and reveals the authors’ logical approach towards the work conducted. Each of the sub-topics well describe the basic concepts covered within them. There is no repetition of matter. Therefore paper is reasonably easy to follow and understand. 3.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY Authors have provided 38 references; all the references have been cited in course of the discussion. All references are formatted as per guidelines mentioned for authors by the publishers of this scientific journal. Statements in paper can be correctly interpreted by referring to the cited references. 3.5 TITLE AND ABSTRACT Title of the paper is â€Å"Green polymer chemistry: lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer†. It is self-explanatory. By looking at the title we can get clear idea that the experiment includes synthesis of biobased reactive polyester using itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer and lipase as a natural catalyst. The abstract of the paper presents an overview of the various studies conducted in the manuscript and briefly presents experimental framework and the most important results obtained by the authors. The abstract of paper is of appropriate length and sufficient to give clear idea about what work has been done. The abstract brings out all the main points of paper. 3.6 ILLUSTRATION AND TABLES The spectra and graphical representations as well as the table represented in the paper are appropriate. The results discussed in the text are accurately represented in the graphs and spectra. They are self-explanatory and simple to understand. There searchers have provided the analytical data of material synthesized during their research. This included Mass spectra, proton NMR spectra and IR spectra of precursor material and intermediate synthesized to point out the differences between the various polymer synthesized during the work using different combination of a monomer in different ratio using different diol and different reaction condition as a proof of the polymer being synthesized varies according to a reaction condition and monomer and its concentration. 3.7 ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION No alternative interpretation can be made from the obtained results. All the conclusions made by the author are correct and justify the results obtained. REFERENCES 17 Kobayashi, S. (1999). Enzymatic polymerization: a new method of polymer synthesis. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 37, 3041–3056. 26 Suda, S., Uyama, H. Kobayashi, S. (1999). Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. Proc. Jpn Acad. B. 75, 201–206. 29 Taden, A., Antonietti, M. Landfester, K. (2003). Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24, 512–516. 34 Puskas, J. E., Sen, M. Y. Seo, K. S. (2009). Green polymer chemistry using nature’s catalyst, enzymes. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 47, 2959–2976. 15 Okuda, T., Ishimoto, K., Ohara, H. Kobayashi, S. (2012). Renewable biobased polymeric materials: facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly (L-lactic acid) grafts. Macromolecules 45, 4166–4174.

Project Charter

Redesign network topology in preparation for phase 2 Phase 2 Replace edge switches (I. E. Server, PC, Phone stacks) with viable Ethernet solution Increase bandwidth by using fiber instead of copper connections between the edge devices and the core routers Objectives this refresh we will be able to take advantage of newer technology that has been introduced over the past 10 years. Another goal is to increase uptime by looking into a more redundant, robust solution. Our goal, to achieve axes.Business Need To provide our customers service above and beyond their current expectations we need a modern network. This network should have the ability to expand as our company grows. Faster ports and newer technology to drive us into the next decade. Resiliency and redundancy will play a large part, helping us achieve our goal of axes. Project Manager and Stakeholders Project Manager / Principal Infrastructure Engineer Person Network Engineer – Person External Company – Person Stak eholders – Internal/external customers Milestones Request for Information Out Request for Purchase OutBudget Numbers presented POP for Phase 1 Implementation of Phase 1 POP for Phase 2 Implementation for Phase 2 Budget – Person Network Architect – This project is a high budget project spread out over the course of 2 years/ 2 phases. Approximate cost $600,000 for Hardware, Service and outside expertise. User Acceptance Criteria/Quality What are the minimum success criteria as defined by the key stakeholders? High-Level Project Assumptions The Data network is currently out of warranty and End of Life, support can be obtained for a premium, but no patches will be created.High-Level Project Constraints Time – With the company striving for axes we need the proper downtime to implement the solution Exclusions and Boundaries Core Routers Edge Switches Redesign of network topology Increase performance on the network Out of Scope: Telephony, Servers, Wireless, Dat abase and anything not otherwise noted in the scope of the project. Major Risks The project is complex, removing our current network and replacing it with a new network. If not planned correctly we could see packet loss across the network, no network connectivity or improper flow of traffic. Project Charter The goal of this project is to provide the customer with a custom hot rod that he can hop in and drive without worry. It is the goal of Phoenix Rain Customs to make this truck as dependable as possible so the customer can take the truck around the lock down the street to a local car show or be able to drive it across the country and have the vehicle as reliable as a new car.Phoenix Rain Customs is assuming there will be minimal body work to be done because the body is in overall excellent shape. Risks that are taken into account are that will have to go deeper into the body work and the suspension depending on what the customer wants. There is a budget of 50 thousand dollars approved of by the customer with the provision of an additional 10 thousand if needed.The timeline involved is that the customer would like it finished ND tested by the end of June 2014, so he can take it on a trip during the July 4th holiday Goals To provide customer with a new vehicle that has all the modern sa fety components Provide customer with modern technology and environmental comforts while retaining era correct styling cues Provide customer with modern reliability and with mild street manners This project will create a one of a kind vehicle that will incorporate modern design elements while retaining era correct styling cues.This project will involve several different vendors ranging from body and paint vendors located in the Tacoma Metro ere. The parts vendors will be located throughout the United States. Phoenix Rain Customs will coordinate with vendors locally and nationally to order and receive parts in a timely manner. The High Level Deliverables are as follows: Initial Assessment Body and Paint Interior Drive Train Electrical Assembly AQUA Project Deliverables Milestone Deliverable 1. Initial Assessment Vehicle in Shop and Stripped of components. Remove engine and drive train. Order new frame and suspension.Order new wheels and tires decided upon by customer lead time of six ty days deeded by manufacturer to custom cut wheels. Sit down with customer and go over plan and colors for construction of vehicle. 2. Body And Paint Get body panels media blasted to assess how much body work will need to be done Order new bed components Send frame and suspension for powder coating Get body panels and cab to paint shop to start body and paint process. 3. Interior Order new seats and send to upholstery shop for recovering Order new gauges and dash components Order interior kit. Coordinate with Stereo installer and order stereo components 4.Drive Train Order new engine and drive train combination Receive frame back from powder coating Install new brake system Install suspension system Install new drive train in frame 5. Electrical Install new wiring harness in truck Rewire all interior components Test electrical 6. Assembly Receive cab and body panels back from body shop Put cab and body panels on frame Install new bed wood and hardware Install new interior and dash assembly Install new glass and seals Inspect truck for fit and finish Have unit buffed Take on test drive/ assessment Have customer come in and give assessment Project Charter The goal of this project is to provide the customer with a custom hot rod that he can hop in and drive without worry. It is the goal of Phoenix Rain Customs to make this truck as dependable as possible so the customer can take the truck around the lock down the street to a local car show or be able to drive it across the country and have the vehicle as reliable as a new car.Phoenix Rain Customs is assuming there will be minimal body work to be done because the body is in overall excellent shape. Risks that are taken into account are that will have to go deeper into the body work and the suspension depending on what the customer wants. There is a budget of 50 thousand dollars approved of by the customer with the provision of an additional 10 thousand if needed.The timeline involved is that the customer would like it finished ND tested by the end of June 2014, so he can take it on a trip during the July 4th holiday Goals To provide customer with a new vehicle that has all the modern sa fety components Provide customer with modern technology and environmental comforts while retaining era correct styling cues Provide customer with modern reliability and with mild street manners This project will create a one of a kind vehicle that will incorporate modern design elements while retaining era correct styling cues.This project will involve several different vendors ranging from body and paint vendors located in the Tacoma Metro ere. The parts vendors will be located throughout the United States. Phoenix Rain Customs will coordinate with vendors locally and nationally to order and receive parts in a timely manner. The High Level Deliverables are as follows: Initial Assessment Body and Paint Interior Drive Train Electrical Assembly AQUA Project Deliverables Milestone Deliverable 1. Initial Assessment Vehicle in Shop and Stripped of components. Remove engine and drive train. Order new frame and suspension.Order new wheels and tires decided upon by customer lead time of six ty days deeded by manufacturer to custom cut wheels. Sit down with customer and go over plan and colors for construction of vehicle. 2. Body And Paint Get body panels media blasted to assess how much body work will need to be done Order new bed components Send frame and suspension for powder coating Get body panels and cab to paint shop to start body and paint process. 3. Interior Order new seats and send to upholstery shop for recovering Order new gauges and dash components Order interior kit. Coordinate with Stereo installer and order stereo components 4.Drive Train Order new engine and drive train combination Receive frame back from powder coating Install new brake system Install suspension system Install new drive train in frame 5. Electrical Install new wiring harness in truck Rewire all interior components Test electrical 6. Assembly Receive cab and body panels back from body shop Put cab and body panels on frame Install new bed wood and hardware Install new interior and dash assembly Install new glass and seals Inspect truck for fit and finish Have unit buffed Take on test drive/ assessment Have customer come in and give assessment Project Charter Redesign network topology in preparation for phase 2 Phase 2 Replace edge switches (I. E. Server, PC, Phone stacks) with viable Ethernet solution Increase bandwidth by using fiber instead of copper connections between the edge devices and the core routers Objectives this refresh we will be able to take advantage of newer technology that has been introduced over the past 10 years. Another goal is to increase uptime by looking into a more redundant, robust solution. Our goal, to achieve axes.Business Need To provide our customers service above and beyond their current expectations we need a modern network. This network should have the ability to expand as our company grows. Faster ports and newer technology to drive us into the next decade. Resiliency and redundancy will play a large part, helping us achieve our goal of axes. Project Manager and Stakeholders Project Manager / Principal Infrastructure Engineer Person Network Engineer – Person External Company – Person Stak eholders – Internal/external customers Milestones Request for Information Out Request for Purchase OutBudget Numbers presented POP for Phase 1 Implementation of Phase 1 POP for Phase 2 Implementation for Phase 2 Budget – Person Network Architect – This project is a high budget project spread out over the course of 2 years/ 2 phases. Approximate cost $600,000 for Hardware, Service and outside expertise. User Acceptance Criteria/Quality What are the minimum success criteria as defined by the key stakeholders? High-Level Project Assumptions The Data network is currently out of warranty and End of Life, support can be obtained for a premium, but no patches will be created.High-Level Project Constraints Time – With the company striving for axes we need the proper downtime to implement the solution Exclusions and Boundaries Core Routers Edge Switches Redesign of network topology Increase performance on the network Out of Scope: Telephony, Servers, Wireless, Dat abase and anything not otherwise noted in the scope of the project. Major Risks The project is complex, removing our current network and replacing it with a new network. If not planned correctly we could see packet loss across the network, no network connectivity or improper flow of traffic.

Principle of Earth Science Essay

The three stages according from the oldest to the youngest formation are granite, basalt and lastly andesite formation. This will discuss about the formation, composition, type of intrusion and cooling history of each stages. The granite formation is the oldest stage since granite is formed usually beneath the crust about 1. 5 km up to 50 km depth. Primarily, granite is composed of silicon and alumina about 72. 04% and 14. 42%, respectively. The formation of granite occurs through extreme metasomatism. Through metasomatism, elements are brought out by fluids like potassium and calcium to convert the metamorphic rock to granite. According to Himanshu K. Sachan (1999), granite in the northern Himalaya starts its cooling history at 705 Â °C and continued up to 650 Â °C in the range of 1. 2–2. 8 kbar. The next stage is the basalt formation. Basalt is composed of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and low amount of silicon, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The formation of basalt occurs when there is a volcanic eruption either under or above the. Mostly the formation of basalt occurs underneath the sea. Through the introduction of water the magma hardens to form the basalt. Basalt forms between 50km up to 100 km depth within the mantle and 150 km up to 200 km for some high-alumina basalt. The next stage will be andesite. The youngest of the formation is the perpendicular andesite. After basalt, the most common volcanic rock would be he andesite. The main composition of andesite is silica about 57%. Andesite is formed either by frictional crystallization or magma mixing with felsic rhyolitic. Melting and assimilation of rock fragments by rising magma to the surface form andesite.

Assess the functionalist theory of crime and deviance Essay Example

Assess the functionalist theory of crime and deviance Essay Example Assess the functionalist theory of crime and deviance Essay Assess the functionalist theory of crime and deviance Essay Assess the functionalist view of crime and deviance. [21 marks] This essay will detail the functionalist perspective of crime and deviance. Functionalist theories began to emerge after the industrial revolution in the 18th century. This period was called the enlightenment, and brought about scientific belief as opposed to the feudalist beliefs of religion. Religion no longer had such a powerful impact on peoples lives. The aim of sociological theories such as functionalism is to cure social ills, such as poverty and disease, and possibly even create the perfect society. Emile Durkheim, the father f functionalism believed that crime played an important role in society. He described the organic analogy of society which describes that all parts of society are interdependent on each other. In order for any society to function properly, all parts of society must come together in a value consensus. This means that all individuals in society share the same norms and values. Durkheim also believed that crime is inevitable and a big part of any functioning society. He outlined two functions that crime performs in everyday society; these are boundary maintenance, and adaptation and social change. Boundary maintenance refers to crime being functional as it allows members of society to know what is acceptable. It also reaffirms norms and values within society, for example after the 9/1 1 terrorist attacks united society in the sheer horror of what had happened. The media plays an important role in dramatizing such events, and creating moral panics, to deter other individuals from potentially straying. Durkheim fails to answer the question functional for whom? Crime isnt functional for victims and their families. Granted, it may be functional for reaffirming norms and values, but it isnt functional for all. Boundary maintenance is one function of crime; another is adaptation and social change. Adaptation and social change, for Durkheim, refers to all change starting with an act of deviance. Those with new ideas and values should not be completely stifled by social control. One must be able to challenge existing norms and values, otherwise revolutionary change would not be able to happen, and society would stagnate. An example of revolutionary change is the African-American civil rights movement, led by Martin Luther King Jnr. His ideas and beliefs of African-Americans eing able to socialise with, and be equal to white Americans was seen as deviant, but had he been stifled, either by imprisonment or death, contemporary society would not be what it is today. Durkheim argues that too much crime can tear the bonds of society apart, but a lack of crime and deviance means that society is oppressing its members. He states that social control should not prevent positive social change . Durkheim offers no explanation as to how much deviance is the correct amount for a society. Durkheim also describes crime as strengthening social solidarity. One could argue that this isnt always true of crime as it could lead to further isolation, and eventually result in anomie. Anomie means a state of normlessness. As Durkheim only outlines two functions, other sociologists have offered more functions of crime. Other theorists have expanded on Durkheims idea valve, allowing male members of society to express their sexual frustration without threatening the nuclear family. Similar to Davis argument, Polsky states that pornography safely channels males sexual desires away from adultery, which also poses a great threat to the nuclear family. However, there are different theories, such as Mertons strain theory. Merton argues that people engage in deviant or criminal behaviour when they are unable to legitimately achieve socially approved goals. He adapted Durkheims concept of anomie to explain deviance. Mertons explanation combines two elements; structural and cultural factors. Structural factors refer to societys unequal opportunity structure, whereas cultural factors refer to the strong emphasis on achieving success goals, and the weaker emphasis on using legitimate means to achieve them. Merton uses the example of the American dream to llustrate this point. Society is socialised to believe that their society is a meritocratic one, and that one will be rewarded after working hard, with material items (white picket fence) Individuals are expected to pursue this dream through legitimate means; hard work, education and self-discipline. Merton also outlines that there are five adaptations to strain. One adaptation to strain is conformity. This refers to individuals who accept the success goals, and set about achieving them through legitimate means. This is most likely of middle-class individuals, but Merton argues it is the typical response of most Americans. Innovation refers to individuals who accept the culturally approved goals, but strive to achieve them through illegitimate means, such as crime. For example a student cannot afford his course books; he then sets about stealing money from his parents/friends to pay for them. Individuals of the working class are under the greatest pressure to innovate. Ritualism means that individuals give up on achieving the goals of society, but have internalised the legitimate means, and therefore follow the rules for the sake of it. Retreatism is where individuals reject both the cultural goals, and the legitimate means, and ecome dropouts. The final adaptation to strain is rebellion. Individuals reject societys goals and means, but replace them with new ones in order to bring about revolutionary change. An example of this is the Fregan movement, who eat food that supermarkets can no longer sell, but is still edible. Society would see this as deviant, as it is not regarded as normal, but as they have adapted societys norms to fit their goals, it could, in theory, bring about revolutionary change. Mertons strain theory shows how both normal and deviant behaviour can arise from the same mainstream oals; however, it is deterministic in the fact that he assumes all classes/genders/ ages share the same cultural goals. Marxists argue that strain theory ignores the power of the ruling class to make and enforce laws in ways that criminalise the poor but not the rich. Marxists would also say that as the ruling class own the means of production, laws are created in order to protect their property and victimise the working class. Also, he doesnt account for middle class crime. During the 2011 riots in London, Laura Johnson, the daughter of a billionaire, stole E5000 worth of goods. Merton doesnt explain why she would do this. As an opposition to Mertons strain theory, Hirschi and Box outline why an individual doesnt commit crime, rather than why one does. Hirschi focuses on why one doesnt commit crime. He argues that criminal activity occurs when ones attachment to society is weakened, that people to a society. Attachment refers to how much an individual cares about other peoples opinions and wishes. Commitment is how much someone has invested in society, for example, whether they have a Job, or are married, have a mortgage. Hirsch argues that the higher ones level of commitment, the less likely they are to commit crime as hey have too much to lose should they receive a conviction. Involvement means a persons level of activity and business interests within society. If a person has a busy time schedule, they are less likely to commit crime, according to Hirschi, as they do not have the time to pursue criminal activities. The final bond that he argues ties one to society, is belief. This refers to ones conviction that they must obey society. A person with higher belief is less likely to commit crime as they have respect for authority, and societys boundaries. Hirschi, however fails to explain those with a lot o lose that still commit crime. He offers no explanation as to why white collar and corporate crime exist, as those are predominantly committed by those in the middle classes. Also, Hirschi blames the breakdown of the nuclear family for the weakening of social bonds, and thus could be faulted for scapegoating single mothers. However, Hirschis theory can be empirically investigated. Hirschi fails to explain middle class crime, but, Box believes that the majority of crime is committed by the middle class, but as the laws are composed by the middle classes, their crimes are hidden from society. Box believes that working classes do not commit crime as they are too tightly controlled under capitalism, and that the majority of crime is committed by those in the middle-upper classes. He also outlines five factors that weaken social bonds. Secrecy refers to the chances a person has to hide deviant acts that they have committed. Box argues that the middle class have more of a chance to hide their deviance as the laws are created and maintained by the middle class. Box also believes that skill is an important factor to consider when looking at why one is less likely to commit crime. Skills refer to the amount of specialist knowledge a criminal has whilst committing an offence. He argues that as the middle classes receive better education, they have more specialist knowledge and, therefore, can commit crime a lot easier than the lower classes, which do not have much in the way of specialist knowledge. Supply refers to the availability of equipment and accomplices when committing a crime. If an individual has more access to accomplices and equipment, for example crowbars, and hammers for a burglary, then the likelihood of them committing crime increases. Social support refers to how much ones peers support heir criminal activities. Symbolic support means if there is a powerful tacit or symbolic support for rule breaking (for example if one sees that someone else has got away with a crime) then criminality is likely to occur. Boxs control theory is a direct derivative of Durkheims anomie concept as mentioned previously. Also Box believes that the bourgeoisie are not controlled under law, as they are the law- makers, and they create the laws specifically to victimise the proletariat. Similarly to Durkheim, control theorists are deterministic. They assume that everyone thinks the same, and fail to account for those who do not think the same. Etzioni however believes that individuals are powerless, and that communities need to maintain social control, and be empowered, as decisions are no longer in the hands of the community. Therefore, the functionalist view of crime and deviance is that too much should not occur as society is based on a value consensus. They also believe that the likelihood of an individual committing crime is based on certain factors due to the lack of social solidarity within any given society. A final issue with this particular theory is that they over generalise. They assume that all societies function in the same way.

A Farewell to Arms1 essays

A Farewell to Arms1 essays The book A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway is about the love story of a nurse and a war ridden soldier. The story starts as Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his future love in the hospital that he gets put in for various reasons. I thought that A Farewell to Arms was a good book because of the symbolism, the plot, and the constant moving of the main The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is very much apparent. To the main character in novels, nights have always been a sign of death, or something negative to happen. Another one of the symbolisms in A Farewell to Arms is when Henry tries to escape from the Italian army by jumping off one of the ships the army was traveling on and running away from the army. This water symbolized new, clean life that he was going to live from now on. At this time, Henry goes off and finds his wife to be. The plot in A Farewell to Arms was always active. They were never staying in one place too long. It had a very good story line, which was a love story that ended up in a tragedy. The main characters wife got pregnant and she was off to have her baby when problems started occurring. They had to have a cesarean, and the baby dies, and when the mother of the child starts to hemorrhage Henry knows that it was over for his wife and he was right. From the beginning of the book untill the end, the action was up. Ever since the front page Henry was traveling around to different towns so it was not boring for the reader. That made it very interesting for the reader because it was always a new town coming up so you were being introduced in the new characters quite often. As the story goes on , the writer is not introducing as many new people, but they are still traveling around quite a bit. I felt that the authors planning of these types of events in this ...

What do you understand by the term national culture Cultural Essay

What do you understand by the term national culture Cultural Differences and People Management - Essay Example As a result of that, it is inevitable for such companies to keep a diverse workforce for business success. French rightly pointed out that â€Å"In international ventures diversity is not an option – it is automatically part of the package† (French, 2010, p.84). Diverse workforce helps companies to reduce labour cost and exploit the expertise of cheap labour force available in overseas countries. However, management of diverse or multicultural workforce is not easy as the management of a single cultural workforce. Multicultural workforce often creates many challenges to the managers because of their contrasting interests. One of the major concerns created by international business or diverse workforce management is with respect to national culture. Since national culture of people from different countries varies immensely, it is difficult for the managers or executives to manage a diverse workforce effectively. Geert Hofstede and Trompenaars are some of the scholars who studied about the influence of national culture on cross cultural business management. This paper analyses the theories proposed by Hofstede and Trompenaars to know more about national culture and its implications on international business management. ... For example, some cultures believe that killing of the enemies of their culture as a sacred act whereas other cultures believe that killing of even enemies is a sin. Same way some cultures believe that there is nothing wrong in keeping more than one wife whereas other cultures believe in marital relationships with only one woman at a time. It is not necessary that the perceptions of Chinese people about work be the same as that of the perceptions of Americans or Europeans. Chinese people are leading a mechanic life because of the autocratic administration whereas Americans and Europeans are leading much liberal life because of the democratic administrations prevailing in those regions. In short, national culture is a term associated with beliefs, values, norms, behaviour, political and social environments, etc. â€Å"Some cultures put more emphasis on universal commitments (like honesty) while others put more weight on loyalty to particular people and relationships† (Ghemawat and Reiche.2011, p.2). For example, people from some cultures are ready to tell lies in courts to save the life of their friends. On the other hand, people from some other cultures may not tell lies even for saving the life of their friend. Even though many scholars conducted extensive researches o know the importance of national culture in the management of diverse workforce or international business, the works of Hofstede and Trompenaars seem to be extremely important. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions According to Hofstede, â€Å"Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others† (Hofstede, n.d.). It should be noted that a person behaves and believes in a particular way because of the actions of his mind. For example, it

Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Communication Strategies - Essay Example In the paper, Ricardo Ramirez and Wendy Quarry analyze the different communication strategies in this age of decentralization and privatization of rural services. The study is based on two African experiences to incorporate the aspect of rural service provision. From the study, the paper then identifies the challenges that decentralization faces in privatizing the provision of rural services. Globally, this wave creates many challenges for the local governments, service providers and the rural communities at large. The unprecedented new rules and procedures that come with this new trend are studied in respect to their impact on local organizations. Further, the paper finds that these new rules bring about the need for change in attitudes and skills. In the first case, the authors identify Uganda in studying the Communications and Information Strategy for the National Agricultural Advisory Services Program. Secondly, they then tour Mozambique, where efforts are made to formulate a plan tom communicate the National Water Policy and the Rural Water Transition Plan. The research findings are wide and varied and agree on the importance of having communication strategies in decentralization and privatization of rural services. Among the findings are the different complimentary functions that communication plays in any development. The authors say that it goes well beyond ‘public relations’. The paper also finds posits that there is an increasing urge to incorporate specialized skills in planning and managing communication strategies.

Nokia in Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nokia in Singapore - Essay Example Commitment towards environmental protection. Nokia got ISO 14001 certification for its Singapore office for its provision of sales, marketing and support services for mobile phones, network infrastructure, Internet security and home communications businesses in the Asia Pacific region. Operators - customised cell phones For the operators, Nokia will customize handsets, whether in terms of co-branding campaigns, in their looks or uploading an operator's software or user interface into the phones at the factory Extensive network with the dealers and operators which provides a very strong and effective supply chain. The alliances with the suppliers, relationship with customers through the online surveys, cooperation with service providers to manufacture custom made phones are all some of the key factors that make Nokia the market leader. Fourth quarter 2007 net sales increased 120% to EUR 670 million, compared with EUR 305 million in the fourth quarter 2006. Net sales were driven primarily by strong volume growth in Enterprise Solutions device business, especially from the Nokia E65, Nokia E90 and Nokia E51, compared to the fourth quarter 2006. Mobile Phones operating profit grew 48% to EUR 1.9 billion, compared with EUR 1.3 billion in the fourth quarter 2006, with an operating margin of 25.0% (17.8%)... Extensive network with the dealers and operators which provides a very strong and effective supply chain. The alliances with the suppliers, relationship with customers through the online surveys, cooperation with service providers to manufacture custom made phones are all some of the key factors that make Nokia the market leader. Global market positioning as a very technically strong product. Hence, Nokia has more sales in its entry level models. Extensive research and development of new models to focus on the expectations of the customer. For example, Nokia has introduced its clamshell models to satisfy the changing customer preferences Customer care and support centres across the world to provide customer solutions Continuous growth in market share and net sales. Though the net sales stagnated a bit in 2007, Nokia has managed to increase its net sales by introducing more sophisticated models. 5. Past performance* Increase in sales globally by 40% in the year 2007 which has helped to consolidate the position of Nokia as the undisputed market leader Debt-to-equity (gearing) ratio is -61% up to December 31st, 2007 compared to -68% as of December 31st, 2006 Market share for is 40% (fourth quarter 2007), 39% in the third quarter 2007 and 36% in the fourth quarter 2006 Growth in net sales from 7.1 billion to 7.4 billion in the fourth quarter 2006 and 2007 respectively Fourth quarter 2007 net sales increased 120% to EUR 670 million, compared with EUR 305 million in the fourth quarter 2006. Net sales were driven primarily by strong volume growth in Enterprise Solutions device business, especially from the Nokia E65, Nokia E90 and Nokia E51, compared to the fourth quarter 2006. Operating margin of 15.9%, up sequentially from